UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

Form 10-K

 

 

Commission File Number 1-31447

 

 

CenterPoint Energy, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes þ     No o

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  Yes o     No þ

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes þ     No o

 

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein and will not be contained, to the best of each of the registrants’ knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  þ

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

 

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes o     No þ

 

The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of CenterPoint Energy, Inc. (Company) was $5,552,435,108 as of June 30, 2007, using the definition of beneficial ownership contained in Rule 13d-3 promulgated pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and excluding shares held by directors and executive officers. As of February 15, 2008, the Company had 327,346,112 shares of Common Stock outstanding. Excluded from the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding are 166 shares held by the Company as treasury stock.

 

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 

Portions of the definitive proxy statement relating to the 2008 Annual Meeting of Shareholders of the Company, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of December 31, 2007, are incorporated by reference in Item 10, Item 11, Item 12, Item 13 and Item 14 of Part III of this Form 10-K.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

 

From time to time we make statements concerning our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, strategies, future events or performance and underlying assumptions and other statements that are not historical facts. These statements are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by these statements. You can generally identify our forward-looking statements by the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “projection,” “should,” “will,” or other similar words.

 

We have based our forward-looking statements on our management’s beliefs and assumptions based on information available to our management at the time the statements are made. We caution you that assumptions, beliefs, expectations, intentions and projections about future events may and often do vary materially from actual results. Therefore, we cannot assure you that actual results will not differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements.

 

Some of the factors that could cause actual results to differ from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements are described under “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this report.

 

You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Each forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of the particular statement.

 

 

OUR BUSINESS

 

Overview

 

We are a public utility holding company whose indirect wholly owned subsidiaries include:

 

 

Our reportable business segments are Electric Transmission & Distribution, Natural Gas Distribution, Competitive Natural Gas Sales and Services, Interstate Pipelines, Field Services and Other Operations. The operations of Texas Genco Holdings, Inc. (Texas Genco), formerly our majority owned electric generating subsidiary, the sale of which was completed in April 2005, are presented as discontinued operations. From time to time, we consider the acquisition or the disposition of assets or businesses.

 

Our principal executive offices are located at 1111 Louisiana, Houston, Texas 77002 (telephone number: 713-207-1111).

 

We make available free of charge on our Internet website our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such reports with, or furnish them to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Additionally, we make available free of charge on our Internet website:

 

 

Any shareholder who so requests may obtain a printed copy of any of these documents from us. Changes in or waivers of our Code of Ethics for our Chief Executive Officer and Senior Financial Officers and waivers of our Ethics and Compliance Code for directors or executive officers will be posted on our Internet website within five business days of such change or waiver and maintained for at least 12 months or reported on Item 5.05 of Form 8-K. Our website address is www.centerpointenergy.com. Except to the extent explicitly stated herein, documents and information on our website are not incorporated by reference herein.

 

Electric Transmission & Distribution

 

In 1999, the Texas legislature adopted the Texas Electric Choice Plan (Texas electric restructuring law) that led to the restructuring of integrated electric utilities operating within Texas. Pursuant to that legislation, integrated electric utilities operating within the Electric Reliability Council of Texas, Inc. (ERCOT) were required to separate their integrated operations into separate retail sales, power generation and transmission and distribution companies. The legislation also required that the prices for wholesale generation and retail electric sales be unregulated, but services by companies providing transmission and distribution service, such as CenterPoint Houston, would continue to be regulated by the Public Utility Commission of Texas (Texas Utility Commission). The legislation provided for a transition period to move to the new market structure and provided a true-up mechanism for the

formerly integrated electric utilities to recover stranded and certain other costs resulting from the transition to competition. Those costs are recoverable after approval by the Texas Utility Commission either through the issuance of securitization bonds or through the implementation of a competition transition charge (CTC) as a rider to the utility’s tariff.

 

CenterPoint Houston is the only business of CenterPoint Energy that continues to engage in electric utility operations. It is a transmission and distribution electric utility that operates wholly within the state of Texas. Neither CenterPoint Houston nor any other subsidiary of CenterPoint Energy makes sales of electric energy at retail or wholesale, or owns or operates any electric generating facilities.

 

Electric Transmission

 

On behalf of retail electric providers (REPs), CenterPoint Houston delivers electricity from power plants to substations, from one substation to another and to retail electric customers taking power at or above 69 kilovolts (kV) in locations throughout the control area managed by ERCOT. CenterPoint Houston provides transmission services under tariffs approved by the Texas Utility Commission.

 

Electric Distribution

 

In ERCOT, end users purchase their electricity directly from certificated REPs. CenterPoint Houston delivers electricity for REPs in its certificated service area by carrying lower-voltage power from the substation to the retail electric customer. CenterPoint Houston’s distribution network receives electricity from the transmission grid through power distribution substations and delivers electricity to end users through distribution feeders. CenterPoint Houston’s operations include construction and maintenance of electric transmission and distribution facilities, metering services, outage response services and call center operations. CenterPoint Houston provides distribution services under tariffs approved by the Texas Utility Commission. Texas Utility Commission rules and market protocols govern the commercial operations of distribution companies and other market participants. Rates for these existing services may be reviewed only through rate cases conducted before the Texas Utility Commission.

 

ERCOT Market Framework

 

CenterPoint Houston is a member of ERCOT. ERCOT serves as the regional reliability coordinating council for member electric power systems in Texas. ERCOT membership is open to consumer groups, investor and municipally owned electric utilities, rural electric cooperatives, independent generators, power marketers and REPs. The ERCOT market includes most of the State of Texas, other than a portion of the panhandle, a portion of the eastern part of the state bordering Louisiana and the area in and around El Paso. The ERCOT market represents approximately 85% of the demand for power in Texas and is one of the nation’s largest power markets. The ERCOT market includes an aggregate net generating capacity of approximately 72,000 megawatts (MW). There are only limited direct current interconnections between the ERCOT market and other power markets in the United States and Mexico.

 

The ERCOT market operates under the reliability standards set by the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) and approved by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). These reliability standards are administered by the Texas Regional Entity, a Division of ERCOT (TRE). The Texas Utility Commission has primary jurisdiction over the ERCOT market to ensure the adequacy and reliability of electricity supply across the state’s main interconnected power transmission grid. The ERCOT independent system operator (ERCOT ISO) is responsible for operating the bulk electric power supply system in the ERCOT market. Its responsibilities include ensuring that electricity production and delivery are accurately accounted for among the generation resources and wholesale buyers and sellers. Unlike certain other regional power markets, the ERCOT market is not a centrally dispatched power pool, and the ERCOT ISO does not procure energy on behalf of its members other than to maintain the reliable operations of the transmission system. Members who sell and purchase power are responsible for contracting sales and purchases of power bilaterally. The ERCOT ISO also serves as agent for procuring ancillary services for those members who elect not to provide their own ancillary services.

 

CenterPoint Houston’s electric transmission business, along with those of other owners of transmission facilities in Texas, supports the operation of the ERCOT ISO. The transmission business has planning, design,

construction, operation and maintenance responsibility for the portion of the transmission grid and for the load-serving substations it owns, primarily within its certificated area. We participate with the ERCOT ISO and other ERCOT utilities to plan, design, obtain regulatory approval for and construct new transmission lines necessary to increase bulk power transfer capability and to remove existing constraints on the ERCOT transmission grid.

 

Recovery of True-Up Balance

 

The Texas electric restructuring law substantially amended the regulatory structure governing electric utilities in order to allow retail competition for electric customers beginning in January 2002. The Texas electric restructuring law required the Texas Utility Commission to conduct a “true-up” proceeding to determine CenterPoint Houston’s stranded costs and certain other costs resulting from the transition to a competitive retail electric market and to provide for its recovery of those costs.

 

In March 2004, CenterPoint Houston filed its true-up application with the Public Utility Commission of Texas (Texas Utility Commission), requesting recovery of $3.7 billion, excluding interest, as allowed under the Texas Electric Choice Plan (Texas electric restructuring law). In December 2004, the Texas Utility Commission issued its final order (True-Up Order) allowing CenterPoint Houston to recover a true-up balance of approximately $2.3 billion, which included interest through August 31, 2004, and provided for adjustment of the amount to be recovered to include interest on the balance until recovery, along with the principal portion of additional excess mitigation credits (EMCs) returned to customers after August 31, 2004 and in certain other respects.

 

CenterPoint Houston and other parties filed appeals of the True-Up Order to a district court in Travis County, Texas. In August 2005, that court issued its judgment on the various appeals. In its judgment, the district court:

 

 

The district court’s decision would have had the effect of restoring approximately $650 million, plus interest, of the $1.7 billion the Texas Utility Commission had disallowed from CenterPoint Houston’s initial request.

 

CenterPoint Houston and other parties appealed the district court’s judgment to the Texas Third Court of Appeals, which issued its decision in December 2007. In its decision, the court of appeals:

 

 

CenterPoint Houston and two other parties filed motions for rehearing with the court of appeals. In the event that the motions for rehearing are not resolved in a manner favorable to it, CenterPoint Houston intends to seek further review by the Texas Supreme Court. Although we and CenterPoint Houston believe that CenterPoint Houston’s true-up request is consistent with applicable statutes and regulations and accordingly that it is reasonably possible that it will be successful in its further appeals, we can provide no assurance as to the ultimate rulings by the courts on the issues to be considered in the various appeals or with respect to the ultimate decision by the Texas Utility Commission on the tax normalization issue described below.

 

To reflect the impact of the True-Up Order, in 2004 and 2005 we recorded a net after-tax extraordinary loss of $947 million. No amounts related to the district court’s judgment or the decision of the court of appeals have been recorded in our consolidated financial statements. However, if the court of appeals decision is not reversed or modified as a result of the pending motions for rehearing or on further review by the Texas Supreme Court, we anticipate that we would be required to record an additional loss to reflect the court of appeals decision. The amount

of that loss would depend on several factors, including ultimate resolution of the tax normalization issue described below and the calculation of interest on any amounts CenterPoint Houston ultimately is authorized to recover or is required to refund beyond the amounts recorded based on the True-up Order, but could range from $130 million to $350 million, plus interest subsequent to December 31, 2007.

 

In the True-Up Order the Texas Utility Commission reduced CenterPoint Houston’s stranded cost recovery by approximately $146 million, which was included in the extraordinary loss discussed above, for the present value of certain deferred tax benefits associated with its former electric generation assets. We believe that the Texas Utility Commission based its order on proposed regulations issued by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in March 2003 which would have allowed utilities owning assets that were deregulated before March 4, 2003 to make a retroactive election to pass the benefits of Accumulated Deferred Investment Tax Credits (ADITC) and Excess Deferred Federal Income Taxes (EDFIT) back to customers. However, in December 2005, the IRS withdrew those proposed normalization regulations and issued new proposed regulations that do not include the provision allowing a retroactive election to pass the tax benefits back to customers. We subsequently requested a Private Letter Ruling (PLR) asking the IRS whether the Texas Utility Commission’s order reducing CenterPoint Houston’s stranded cost recovery by $146 million for ADITC and EDFIT would cause normalization violations. In that ruling, which was received in August 2007, the IRS concluded that such reductions would cause normalization violations with respect to the ADITC and EDFIT. As in a similar PLR issued in May 2006 to another Texas utility, the IRS did not reference its proposed regulations.

 

The district court affirmed the Texas Utility Commission’s ruling on the tax normalization issue, but in response to a request from the Texas Utility Commission, the court of appeals ordered that the tax normalization issue be remanded for further consideration. If the Texas Utility Commission’s order relating to the ADITC reduction is not reversed or otherwise modified on remand so as to eliminate the normalization violation, the IRS could require us to pay an amount equal to CenterPoint Houston’s unamortized ADITC balance as of the date that the normalization violation is deemed to have occurred. In addition, the IRS could deny CenterPoint Houston the ability to elect accelerated tax depreciation benefits beginning in the taxable year that the normalization violation is deemed to have occurred. Such treatment if required by the IRS, could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows in addition to any potential loss resulting from final resolution of the True-Up Order. However, we and CenterPoint Houston will continue to pursue a favorable resolution of this issue through the appellate or administrative process. Although the Texas Utility Commission has not previously required a company subject to its jurisdiction to take action that would result in a normalization violation, no prediction can be made as to the ultimate action the Texas Utility Commission may take on this issue on remand.

 

The Texas electric restructuring law allowed the amounts awarded to CenterPoint Houston in the Texas Utility Commission’s True-Up Order to be recovered either through the issuance of transition bonds or through implementation of a competition transition charge (CTC) or both. Pursuant to a financing order issued by the Texas Utility Commission in March 2005 and affirmed by a Travis County district court, in December 2005 a subsidiary of CenterPoint Houston issued $1.85 billion in transition bonds with interest rates ranging from 4.84% to 5.30% and final maturity dates ranging from February 2011 to August 2020. Through issuance of the transition bonds, CenterPoint Houston recovered approximately $1.7 billion of the true-up balance determined in the True-Up Order plus interest through the date on which the bonds were issued.

 

In July 2005, CenterPoint Houston received an order from the Texas Utility Commission allowing it to implement a CTC designed to collect the remaining $596 million from the True-Up Order over 14 years plus interest at an annual rate of 11.075% (CTC Order). The CTC Order authorized CenterPoint Houston to impose a charge on REPs to recover the portion of the true-up balance not recovered through a financing order. The CTC Order also allowed CenterPoint Houston to collect approximately $24 million of rate case expenses over three years without a return through a separate tariff rider (Rider RCE). CenterPoint Houston implemented the CTC and Rider RCE effective September 13, 2005 and began recovering approximately $620 million. Effective September 13, 2005, the return on the CTC portion of the true-up balance is included in CenterPoint Houston’s tariff-based revenues.

 

Certain parties appealed the CTC Order to a district court in Travis County. In May 2006, the district court issued a judgment reversing the CTC Order in three respects. First, the court ruled that the Texas Utility

Commission had improperly relied on provisions of its rule dealing with the interest rate applicable to CTC amounts. The district court reached that conclusion based on its belief that the Texas Supreme Court had previously invalidated that entire section of the rule. The 11.075% interest rate in question was applicable from the implementation of the CTC Order on September 13, 2005 until August 1, 2006, the effective date of the implementation of a new CTC in compliance with the new rule discussed below. Second, the district court reversed the Texas Utility Commission’s ruling that allows CenterPoint Houston to recover through the Rider RCE the costs (approximately $5 million) for a panel appointed by the Texas Utility Commission in connection with the valuation of electric generation assets. Finally, the district court accepted the contention of one party that the CTC should not be allocated to retail customers that have switched to new on-site generation. The Texas Utility Commission and CenterPoint Houston disagree with the district court’s conclusions and, in May 2006, appealed the judgment to the Texas Third Court of Appeals, and if required, CenterPoint Houston plans to seek further review from the Texas Supreme Court. All briefs in the appeal have been filed, and oral arguments were held in December 2006. The ultimate outcome of this matter cannot be predicted at this time. However, we do not expect the disposition of this matter to have a material adverse effect on our or CenterPoint Houston’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

 

In June 2006, the Texas Utility Commission adopted the revised rule governing the carrying charges on unrecovered CTC balances as recommended by its staff (Staff). The rule, which applies to CenterPoint Houston, reduced the allowed interest rate on the unrecovered CTC balance prospectively from 11.075% to a weighted average cost of capital of 8.06%. The annualized impact on operating income is a reduction of approximately $18 million per year for the first year with lesser impacts in subsequent years. In July 2006, CenterPoint Houston made a compliance filing necessary to implement the rule changes effective August 1, 2006.

 

During the years ended December 31, 2005, 2006 and 2007, CenterPoint Houston recognized approximately $19 million, $55 million and $42 million, respectively, in operating income from the CTC. Additionally, during the years ended December 31, 2005, 2006 and 2007, CenterPoint Houston recognized approximately $1 million, $13 million and $14 million, respectively, of the allowed equity return not previously recorded. As of December 31, 2007, we have not recorded an allowed equity return of $220 million on CenterPoint Houston’s true-up balance because such return will be recognized as it is recovered in rates.

 

During the 2007 legislative session, the Texas legislature amended statutes prescribing the types of true-up balances that can be securitized by utilities and authorized the issuance of transition bonds to recover the balance of the CTC. In June 2007, CenterPoint Houston filed a request with the Texas Utility Commission for a financing order that would allow the securitization of the remaining balance of the CTC, after taking into account the environmental refund and the fuel reconciliation settlement amounts discussed below. CenterPoint Houston reached substantial agreement with other parties to this proceeding, and a financing order was approved by the Texas Utility Commission in September 2007. In February 2008, a new special purpose subsidiary of CenterPoint Houston issued approximately $488 million of transition bonds pursuant to the financing order in two tranches with interest rates of 4.192% and 5.234% and final maturity dates of February 2020 and February 2023, respectively. Contemporaneously with the issuance of those bonds, the CTC was terminated and a transition charge was implemented.

 

Refund of Environmental Retrofit Costs

 

The True-Up Order allowed recovery of approximately $699 million of environmental retrofit costs related to CenterPoint Houston’s generation assets. The True-Up Order required CenterPoint Houston to provide evidence by January 31, 2007 that the entire $699 million was actually spent by December 31, 2006 on environmental programs and provided for the Texas Utility Commission to determine the appropriate manner to return to customers any unused portion of these funds, including interest on the funds and on stranded costs attributable to the environmental costs portion of the stranded costs recovery. In January 2007, the successor in interest to CenterPoint Houston’s generation assets advised that, as of December 31, 2006, it had spent only approximately $664 million. On January 31, 2007, CenterPoint Houston made the required filing with the Texas Utility Commission, identifying approximately $35 million in unspent funds to be refunded to customers along with approximately $7 million of interest and requesting permission to refund these amounts through a reduction of the CTC. Such amounts were recorded as regulatory liabilities as of December 31, 2006. In July 2007, CenterPoint Houston, the Staff and the

other parties filed a settlement agreement in which it was agreed that the total amount of the refund, including all principal and interest, was $45 million as of May 31, 2007, that interest would continue to accrue after May 31, 2007 on any unrefunded balance at a rate of 5.4519% per year and that the refund should be used to offset the principal amount proposed in CenterPoint Houston’s application to securitize the CTC and other amounts. The offset occurred in connection with the approximately $488 million of transition bonds issued in February 2008. In August 2007, the Texas Utility Commission issued a final order consistent with the terms of that settlement agreement. As of December 31, 2007, CenterPoint Houston had recorded a regulatory liability of $46 million related to this matter.

 

Final Fuel Reconciliation

 

The results of the Texas Utility Commission’s final decision related to CenterPoint Houston’s final fuel reconciliation were a component of the True-Up Order. CenterPoint Houston appealed certain portions of the True-Up Order involving a disallowance of approximately $67 million relating to the final fuel reconciliation in 2003 plus interest of $10 million. That decision was upheld by a Travis County district court and affirmed by the Texas Third Court of Appeals. Although it filed an appeal with the Texas Supreme Court, in February 2007 CenterPoint Houston asked the Texas Supreme Court to hold that appeal in abeyance pending consideration by the Texas Utility Commission of a tentative settlement reached by the parties. In October 2007, the Texas Utility Commission issued a final order consistent with the settlement, and the Texas Supreme Court ultimately vacated the lower court decisions. The settlement allows CenterPoint Houston recovery of $12.5 million plus interest from January 2002. As a result of the settlement, CenterPoint Houston recorded a regulatory asset of $17 million in 2007.

 

Customers

 

CenterPoint Houston serves nearly all of the Houston/Galveston metropolitan area. CenterPoint Houston’s customers consist of 74 REPs, which sell electricity to approximately 2 million metered customers in CenterPoint Houston’s certificated service area, and municipalities, electric cooperatives and other distribution companies located outside CenterPoint Houston’s certificated service area. Each REP is licensed by, and must meet minimal creditworthiness criteria established by the Texas Utility Commission. Two of the REPs in CenterPoint Houston’s service area are subsidiaries of RRI. Sales to subsidiaries of RRI represented approximately 62%, 56% and 51% of CenterPoint Houston’s transmission and distribution revenues in 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively. CenterPoint Houston’s billed receivables balance from REPs as of December 31, 2007 was $141 million. Approximately 48% of this amount was owed by subsidiaries of RRI. CenterPoint Houston does not have long-term contracts with any of its customers. It operates on a continuous billing cycle, with meter readings being conducted and invoices being distributed to REPs each business day.

 

Advanced Metering System and Distribution Automation (Intelligent Grid)

 

CenterPoint Houston is pursuing development and possible deployment of an advanced metering system (AMS) and electric distribution grid automation strategy that involves the implementation of an “Intelligent Grid” which would make use of CenterPoint Houston’s lines and other facilities to provide on-demand data and information about electricity usage and the status of facilities on our system. Although this technology is still in the developmental stage, CenterPoint Houston believes it has the potential to enable customers of the REPs to better monitor and control their usage of electricity as well as offer a significant improvement in metering, grid planning, operations and maintenance of the CenterPoint Houston distribution system. These improvements would be expected to contribute to fewer and shorter outages, better customer service, improved operations costs, improved security and more effective use of our workforce. In May 2007, the Texas Utility Commission issued rules establishing minimum functionality requirements for an AMS and a surcharge mechanism to enable timely recovery of the costs of implementation. To date, CenterPoint Houston has deployed approximately 10,000 advanced meters and utilized broadband over power line technology as part of a limited deployment to help in proving the technology and in validating its potential benefits prior to a full-scale implementation. CenterPoint Houston would be required to file its deployment plan for approval by the Texas Utility Commission prior to full scale implementation of this technology.

Competition

 

There are no other electric transmission and distribution utilities in CenterPoint Houston’s service area. In order for another provider of transmission and distribution services to provide such services in CenterPoint Houston’s territory, it would be required to obtain a certificate of convenience and necessity from the Texas Utility Commission and, depending on the location of the facilities, may also be required to obtain franchises from one or more municipalities. We know of no other party intending to enter this business in CenterPoint Houston’s service area at this time.

 

Seasonality

 

A significant portion of CenterPoint Houston’s revenues is derived from rates that it collects from each REP based on the amount of electricity it distributes on behalf of such REP. Thus, CenterPoint Houston’s revenues and results of operations are subject to seasonality, weather conditions and other changes in electricity usage, with revenues being higher during the warmer months.

 

Properties

 

All of CenterPoint Houston’s properties are located in Texas. Its properties consist primarily of high voltage electric transmission lines and poles, distribution lines, substations, service wires and meters. Most of CenterPoint Houston’s transmission and distribution lines have been constructed over lands of others pursuant to easements or along public highways and streets as permitted by law.

 

All real and tangible properties of CenterPoint Houston, subject to certain exclusions, are currently subject to:

 

 

As of December 31, 2007, CenterPoint Houston had outstanding $2.0 billion aggregate principal amount of general mortgage bonds under the General Mortgage, including approximately $527 million held in trust to secure pollution control bonds for which CenterPoint Energy is obligated and approximately $229 million held in trust to secure pollution control bonds for which CenterPoint Houston is obligated. Additionally, CenterPoint Houston had outstanding approximately $253 million aggregate principal amount of first mortgage bonds under the Mortgage, including approximately $151 million held in trust to secure certain pollution control bonds for which CenterPoint Energy is obligated. CenterPoint Houston may issue additional general mortgage bonds on the basis of retired bonds, 70% of property additions or cash deposited with the trustee. Approximately $2.3 billion of additional first mortgage bonds and general mortgage bonds in the aggregate could be issued on the basis of retired bonds and 70% of property additions as of December 31, 2007. However, CenterPoint Houston has contractually agreed that it will not issue additional first mortgage bonds, subject to certain exceptions.

 

Electric Lines — Overhead.  As of December 31, 2007, CenterPoint Houston owned 27,421 pole miles of overhead distribution lines and 3,738 circuit miles of overhead transmission lines, including 424 circuit miles operated at 69,000 volts, 2,098 circuit miles operated at 138,000 volts and 1,216 circuit miles operated at 345,000 volts.

 

Electric Lines — Underground.  As of December 31, 2007, CenterPoint Houston owned 18,955 circuit miles of underground distribution lines and 28.4 circuit miles of underground transmission lines, including 4.5 circuit miles operated at 69,000 volts and 23.9 circuit miles operated at 138,000 volts.

 

Substations.  As of December 31, 2007, CenterPoint Houston owned 229 major substation sites having total installed rated transformer capacity of 50,586 megavolt amperes.

 

Service Centers.  CenterPoint Houston operates 14 regional service centers located on a total of 291 acres of land. These service centers consist of office buildings, warehouses and repair facilities that are used in the business of transmitting and distributing electricity.

Franchises

 

CenterPoint Houston holds non-exclusive franchises from the incorporated municipalities in its service territory. In exchange for the payment of fees, these franchises give CenterPoint Houston the right to use the streets and public rights-of way of these municipalities to construct, operate and maintain its transmission and distribution system and to use that system to conduct its electric delivery business and for other purposes that the franchises permit. The terms of the franchises, with various expiration dates, typically range from 30 to 50 years.

 

Natural Gas Distribution

 

CERC Corp.’s natural gas distribution business (Gas Operations) engages in regulated intrastate natural gas sales to, and natural gas transportation for, approximately 3.2 million residential, commercial and industrial customers in Arkansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Oklahoma and Texas. The largest metropolitan areas served in each state by Gas Operations are Houston, Texas; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Little Rock, Arkansas; Shreveport, Louisiana; Biloxi, Mississippi; and Lawton, Oklahoma. In 2007, approximately 43% of Gas Operations’ total throughput was attributable to residential customers and approximately 57% was attributable to commercial and industrial customers.

 

Gas Operations also provides unregulated services consisting of heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment and appliance repair, and sales of HVAC, hearth and water heating equipment in Minnesota.

 

The demand for intrastate natural gas sales to, and natural gas transportation for, residential, commercial and industrial customers is seasonal. In 2007, approximately 71% of the total throughput of Gas Operations’ business occurred in the first and fourth quarters. These patterns reflect the higher demand for natural gas for heating purposes during those periods.

 

Supply and Transportation.  In 2007, Gas Operations purchased virtually all of its natural gas supply pursuant to contracts with remaining terms varying from a few months to four years. Major suppliers in 2007 included BP Canada Energy Marketing Corp. (21.0% of supply volumes), Oneok Energy Marketing (14.7%), Energy Transfer (10.3%), Coral Energy Resources (9.8%) and Tenaska Marketing Ventures (7.8%). Numerous other suppliers provided the remaining 36.4% of Gas Operations’ natural gas supply requirements. Gas Operations transports its natural gas supplies through various intrastate and interstate pipelines, including those owned by our other subsidiaries, under contracts with remaining terms, including extensions, varying from one to fifteen years. Gas Operations anticipates that these gas supply and transportation contracts will be renewed or replaced prior to their expiration.

 

We actively engage in commodity price stabilization pursuant to annual gas supply plans presented to and/or filed with each of our state regulatory authorities. These price stabilization activities include use of storage gas, contractually establishing fixed prices with our physical gas suppliers and utilizing financial derivative instruments to achieve a variety of pricing structures (e.g., fixed price, costless collars, and caps). Our gas supply plans generally call for 25-50% of winter supplies to be hedged in some fashion.

 

Generally, the regulations of the states in which Gas Operations operates allow it to pass through changes in the cost of natural gas, including gains and losses on financial derivatives associated with the index-priced physical supply, to its customers under purchased gas adjustment provisions in its tariffs. Depending upon the jurisdiction, the purchased gas adjustment factors are updated periodically, ranging from monthly to semi-annually, using estimated gas costs. The changes in the cost of gas billed to customers are subject to review by the applicable regulatory bodies.

 

Gas Operations uses various third-party storage services or owned natural gas storage facilities to meet peak-day requirements and to manage the daily changes in demand due to changes in weather and may also supplement contracted supplies and storage from time to time with stored liquefied natural gas and propane-air plant production.

 

Gas Operations owns and operates an underground natural gas storage facility with a capacity of 7.0 billion cubic feet (Bcf). It has a working capacity of 2.0 Bcf available for use during a normal heating season and a maximum daily withdrawal rate of 50 million cubic feet (MMcf). It also owns nine propane-air plants with a total

production rate of 200 MMcf per day and on-site storage facilities for 12 million gallons of propane (1.0 Bcf natural gas equivalent). It owns liquefied natural gas plant facilities with a 12 million-gallon liquefied natural gas storage tank (1.0 Bcf natural gas equivalent) and a production rate of 72 MMcf per day.

 

On an ongoing basis, Gas Operations enters into contracts to provide sufficient supplies and pipeline capacity to meet its customer requirements. However, it is possible for limited service disruptions to occur from time to time due to weather conditions, transportation constraints and other events. As a result of these factors, supplies of natural gas may become unavailable from time to time, or prices may increase rapidly in response to temporary supply constraints or other factors.

 

Assets

 

As of December 31, 2007, Gas Operations owned approximately 69,000 linear miles of natural gas distribution mains, varying in size from one-half inch to 24 inches in diameter. Generally, in each of the cities, towns and rural areas served by Gas Operations, it owns the underground gas mains and service lines, metering and regulating equipment located on customers’ premises and the district regulating equipment necessary for pressure maintenance. With a few exceptions, the measuring stations at which Gas Operations receives gas are owned, operated and maintained by others, and its distribution facilities begin at the outlet of the measuring equipment. These facilities, including odorizing equipment, are usually located on the land owned by suppliers.

 

Competition

 

Gas Operations competes primarily with alternate energy sources such as electricity and other fuel sources. In some areas, intrastate pipelines, other gas distributors and marketers also compete directly for gas sales to end-users. In addition, as a result of federal regulations affecting interstate pipelines, natural gas marketers operating on these pipelines may be able to bypass Gas Operations’ facilities and market and sell and/or transport natural gas directly to commercial and industrial customers.

 

Competitive Natural Gas Sales and Services

 

CERC offers variable and fixed-priced physical natural gas supplies primarily to commercial and industrial customers and electric and gas utilities through CenterPoint Energy Services, Inc. (CES) and its subsidiary, CenterPoint Energy Intrastate Pipeline LLC (CEIP).

 

In 2007, CES marketed approximately 522 Bcf of natural gas, transportation and related energy services to approximately 7,000 customers (including approximately 9 Bcf to affiliates). CES customers vary in size from small commercial customers to large utility companies in the central and eastern regions of the United States, and are served from offices located in Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Texas and Wisconsin. The business has three operational functions: wholesale, retail and intrastate pipelines, which are further described below.

 

Wholesale Operations.  CES offers a portfolio of physical delivery services and financial products designed to meet wholesale customers’ supply and price risk management needs. These customers are served directly through interconnects with various inter- and intra-state pipeline companies, and include gas utilities, large industrial customers and electric generation customers.

 

Retail Operations.  CES offers a variety of natural gas management services to smaller commercial and industrial customers, municipalities, educational institutions and hospitals, whose facilities are located downstream of natural gas distribution utility city gate stations. These services include load forecasting, supply acquisition, daily swing volume management, invoice consolidation, storage asset management, firm and interruptible transportation administration and forward price management. CES manages transportation contracts and energy supply for retail customers in sixteen states.

 

Intrastate Pipeline Operations.  CEIP primarily provides transportation services to shippers and end-users and contracts out approximately 2 Bcf of storage at its Pierce Junction facility in Texas.

CES currently transports natural gas on over 34 interstate and intrastate pipelines within states located throughout the central and eastern United States. CES maintains a portfolio of natural gas supply contracts and firm transportation and storage agreements to meet the natural gas requirements of its customers. CES aggregates supply from various producing regions and offers contracts to buy natural gas with terms ranging from one month to over five years. In addition, CES actively participates in the spot natural gas markets in an effort to balance daily and monthly purchases and sales obligations. Natural gas supply and transportation capabilities are leveraged through contracts for ancillary services including physical storage and other balancing arrangements.

 

As described above, CES offers its customers a variety of load following services. In providing these services, CES uses its customers’ purchase commitments to forecast and arrange its own supply purchases, storage and transportation services to serve customers’ natural gas requirements. As a result of the variance between this forecast activity and the actual monthly activity, CES will either have too much supply or too little supply relative to its customers’ purchase commitments. These supply imbalances arise each month as customers’ natural gas requirements are scheduled and corresponding natural gas supplies are nominated by CES for delivery to those customers. CES’ processes and risk control environment are designed to measure and value imbalances on a real-time basis to ensure that CES’ exposure to commodity price risk is kept to a minimum. The value assigned to these imbalances is calculated daily and is known as the aggregate Value at Risk (VaR). In 2007, CES’ VaR averaged $1.2 million with a high of $2.6 million.

 

The CenterPoint Energy risk control policy, governed by our Risk Oversight Committee, defines authorized and prohibited trading instruments and trading limits. CES is a physical marketer of natural gas and uses a variety of tools, including pipeline and storage capacity, financial instruments and physical commodity purchase contracts to support its sales. The CES business optimizes its use of these various tools to minimize its supply costs and does not engage in proprietary or speculative commodity trading. The VaR limits within which CES operates are consistent with its operational objective of matching its aggregate sales obligations (including the swing associated with load following services) with its supply portfolio in a manner that minimizes its total cost of supply.

 

Assets

 

CEIP owns and operates approximately 217 miles of intrastate pipeline in Louisiana and Texas and holds storage facilities of approximately 2 Bcf in Texas under long-term leases. In addition, CES leases transportation capacity of approximately 725 MMcf per day on various inter- and intrastate pipelines and approximately 8.5 Bcf of storage to service its customer base.

 

Competition

 

CES competes with regional and national wholesale and retail gas marketers including the marketing divisions of natural gas producers and utilities. In addition, CES competes with intrastate pipelines for customers and services in its market areas.

 

Interstate Pipelines

 

CERC’s pipelines business operates interstate natural gas pipelines with gas transmission lines primarily located in Arkansas, Illinois, Louisiana, Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas. CERC’s interstate pipeline operations are primarily conducted by two wholly owned subsidiaries that provide gas transportation and storage services primarily to industrial customers and local distribution companies:

 

 

The rates charged by CEGT and MRT for interstate transportation and storage services are regulated by the FERC. Our interstate pipelines business operations may be affected by changes in the demand for natural gas, the

available supply and relative price of natural gas in the Mid-continent and Gulf Coast natural gas supply regions and general economic conditions.

 

In 2007, approximately 20% of CEGT and MRT’s total operating revenue was attributable to services provided to Gas Operations and approximately 10% was attributable to services provided to Laclede Gas Company (Laclede), an unaffiliated distribution company that provides natural gas utility service to the greater St. Louis metropolitan area in Illinois and Missouri. Services to Gas Operations and Laclede are provided under several long-term firm storage and transportation agreements. Since October 31, 2006, MRT’s contract with Laclede has been terminable upon one year’s prior notice. MRT has not received a termination notice and is currently negotiating a long-term contract with Laclede. Agreements for firm transportation, “no notice” transportation service and storage service in certain of Gas Operations’ service areas (Arkansas, Louisiana and Oklahoma) expire in 2012.

 

Carthage to Perryville.  In April 2007, CEGT, a wholly owned subsidiary of CERC Corp., completed phase one construction of a 172-mile, 42-inch diameter pipeline and related compression facilities for the transportation of gas from Carthage, Texas to CEGT’s Perryville hub in northeast Louisiana. On May 1, 2007, CEGT began service under its firm transportation agreements with shippers of approximately 960 MMcf per day. CEGT’s second phase of the project, which involved adding compression that increased the total capacity of the pipeline to approximately 1.25 Bcf per day, was placed into service in August 2007. CEGT has signed firm contracts for the full capacity of phases one and two.

 

In May 2007, CEGT received FERC approval for the third phase of the project to expand capacity of the pipeline to 1.5 Bcf per day by adding additional compression and operating at higher pressures, and in July 2007, CEGT received approval from the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Administration (PHMSA) to increase the maximum allowable operating pressure. The PHMSA’s approval contained certain conditions and requirements, which CEGT expects to satisfy in the first quarter of 2008. CEGT has executed contracts for approximately 150 MMcf per day of the 250 MMcf per day phase three expansion. The third phase is projected to be in-service in the second quarter of 2008.

 

In September 2007, CEGT initiated an investigation into allegations received from two former employees of the manufacturer of pipe installed in CEGT’s Carthage to Perryville pipeline segment. That pipeline segment was placed in commercial service in May 2007 after satisfactory completion of hydrostatic testing designed to ensure that the pipe and its welds would be structurally sound when placed in service and operated at design pressure. According to the complainants, records relating to radiographic inspections of certain welds made at the fabrication facility had been altered resulting in the possibility that pipe with alleged substandard welds had been installed in the pipeline. In conducting its investigation, among other things, CEGT and its counsel interviewed the complainants and other individuals, including CEGT and contractor personnel, and reviewed documentation related to the manufacture and construction of the pipeline, including radiographic records related to the allegedly deficient welds. CEGT kept appropriate governmental officials informed throughout its investigation and consulted appropriate technical consultants and pre-existing regulatory guidance. CEGT excavated and inspected certain welds at the request of the PHMSA, and in each case, CEGT found those welds to be structurally sound. Although its investigation has not been formally concluded, CEGT has worked closely with the appropriate regulatory authorities to determine and take all necessary actions. To date, CEGT has found no reason to modify the operation of its Carthage to Perryville line or take other significant action, and no such action has been directed or requested by any governmental authority. Absent new evidence, CEGT believes that no significant action by CEGT will be necessary and that the Carthage to Perryville line can be operated at expected operating pressures without threat to the public health or safety and does not plan to take any significant additional action.

 

Southeast Supply Header.  In June 2006, CenterPoint Energy Southeast Pipelines Holding, L.L.C., a wholly owned subsidiary of CERC Corp., and a subsidiary of Spectra Energy Corp. (Spectra) formed a joint venture (Southeast Supply Header or SESH) to construct, own and operate a 270-mile pipeline with a capacity of approximately 1 Bcf per day that will extend from CEGT’s Perryville hub in northeast Louisiana to an interconnection in southern Alabama with Gulfstream Natural Gas System, which is 50% owned by an affiliate of Spectra. We account for our 50% interest in SESH as an equity investment. In 2006, SESH signed agreements with shippers for firm transportation services, which subscribed capacity of 945 MMcf per day. Additionally, SESH and Southern Natural Gas (SNG) have executed a definitive agreement that provides for SNG to jointly own the first 115 miles of

the pipeline. Under the agreement, SNG will own an undivided interest in the portion of the pipeline from Perryville, Louisiana to an interconnect with SNG in Mississippi. The pipe diameter was increased from 36 inches to 42 inches, thereby increasing the initial capacity of 1 Bcf per day by 140 MMcf per day to accommodate SNG. SESH will own assets providing approximately 1 Bcf per day of capacity as initially planned and will maintain economic expansion opportunities in the future. SNG will own assets providing 140 MMcf per day of capacity, and the agreement provides for a future compression expansion that will increase the jointly owned capacity up to 500 MMcf per day, subject to FERC approval.

 

An application to construct, own and operate the pipeline was filed with the FERC in December 2006. In September 2007, the FERC issued the certificate authorizing the construction of the pipeline. This FERC approval does not include the expansion capacity that would take SNG to 500 MMcf per day. SESH began construction in November 2007. SESH expects to complete construction of the pipeline as approved by the FERC in the second half of 2008. SESH’s net costs after SNG’s contribution are estimated to have increased to approximately $1 billion.

 

Assets

 

Our interstate pipelines business currently owns and operates approximately 8,100 miles of natural gas transmission lines primarily located in Arkansas, Illinois, Louisiana, Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas. It also owns and operates six natural gas storage fields with a combined daily deliverability of approximately 1.2 Bcf per day and a combined working gas capacity of approximately 59.0 Bcf. It also owns a 10% interest in the Bistineau storage facility located in Bienville Parish, Louisiana, with the remaining interest owned and operated by Gulf South Pipeline Company, LP. This facility has a total working gas capacity of 85.7 Bcf and approximately 1.1 Bcf per day of deliverability. Storage capacity in the Bistineau facility is 8 Bcf of working gas with 100 MMcf per day of deliverability. Most storage operations are in north Louisiana and Oklahoma.

 

Competition

 

Our interstate pipelines business competes with other interstate and intrastate pipelines in the transportation and storage of natural gas. The principal elements of competition among pipelines are rates, terms of service, and flexibility and reliability of service. Our interstate pipelines business competes indirectly with other forms of energy available to our customers, including electricity, coal and fuel oils. The primary competitive factor is price. Changes in the availability of energy and pipeline capacity, the level of business activity, conservation and governmental regulations, the capability to convert to alternative fuels, and other factors, including weather, affect the demand for natural gas in areas we serve and the level of competition for transportation and storage services.

 

Field Services

 

CERC’s field services business operates gas gathering, treating, and processing facilities and also provides operating and technical services and remote data monitoring and communication services.

 

CERC’s field services operations are conducted by a wholly owned subsidiary, CenterPoint Energy Field Services, Inc. (CEFS). CEFS provides natural gas gathering and processing services for certain natural gas fields in the Mid-continent region of the United States that interconnect with CEGT’s and MRT’s pipelines, as well as other interstate and intrastate pipelines. CEFS gathers approximately 1.1 Bcf per day of natural gas and, either directly or through its 50% interest in the Waskom Joint Venture, processes in excess of 240 MMcf per day of natural gas along its gathering system. CEFS, through its ServiceStar operating division, provides remote data monitoring and communications services to affiliates and third parties. As of the end of 2007, ServiceStar provided monitoring activities at approximately 12,500 locations across Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas and Wyoming, but has reduced that total by approximately 2,300 units in 2008 as a result of an agreement reached between CEFS and ServiceStar’s largest customer to revise certain contractual arrangements between them, including termination of ServiceStar’s monitoring services for that customer.

 

Our field services business operations may be affected by changes in the demand for natural gas, the available supply and relative price of natural gas in the Mid-continent and Gulf Coast natural gas supply regions and general economic conditions.

Assets

 

Our field services business owns and operates approximately 3,500 miles of gathering pipelines and processing plants that collect, treat and process natural gas from approximately 151 separate systems located in major producing fields in Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma and Texas.

 

Competition

 

Our field services business competes with other companies in the natural gas gathering, treating, and processing business. The principal elements of competition are rates, terms of service and reliability of services. Our field services business competes indirectly with other forms of energy available to our customers, including electricity, coal and fuel oils. The primary competitive factor is price. Changes in the availability of energy and pipeline capacity, the level of business activity, conservation and governmental regulations, the capability to convert to alternative fuels, and other factors, including weather, affect the demand for natural gas in areas we serve and the level of competition for gathering, treating, and processing services. In addition, competition for our gathering operations is impacted by commodity pricing levels because of their influence on the level of drilling activity.

 

Other Operations

 

Our Other Operations business segment includes office buildings and other real estate used in our business operations and other corporate operations that support all of our business operations.

 

Discontinued Operations

 

In July 2004, we announced our agreement to sell our majority owned subsidiary, Texas Genco, to Texas Genco LLC. In December 2004, Texas Genco completed the sale of its fossil generation assets (coal, lignite and gas-fired plants) to Texas Genco LLC for $2.813 billion in cash. Following the sale, Texas Genco, whose principal remaining asset was its ownership interest in a nuclear generating facility, distributed $2.231 billion in cash to us. The final step of the transaction, the merger of Texas Genco with a subsidiary of Texas Genco LLC in exchange for an additional cash payment to us of $700 million, was completed in April 2005.

 

We recorded an after-tax loss of $3 million for the year ended December 31, 2005, related to the operations of Texas Genco. The consolidated financial statements report these operations for all periods presented as discontinued operations in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 144, “Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets.”

 

Financial Information About Segments

 

For financial information about our segments, see Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements, which note is incorporated herein by reference.

 

REGULATION

 

We are subject to regulation by various federal, state and local governmental agencies, including the regulations described below.

 

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

 

The FERC has jurisdiction under the Natural Gas Act and the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978, as amended, to regulate the transportation of natural gas in interstate commerce and natural gas sales for resale in intrastate commerce that are not first sales. The FERC regulates, among other things, the construction of pipeline and related facilities used in the transportation and storage of natural gas in interstate commerce, including the extension, expansion or abandonment of these facilities. The rates charged by interstate pipelines for interstate transportation and storage services are also regulated by the FERC. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Energy Act) expanded the FERC’s authority to prohibit market manipulation in connection with FERC-regulated transactions and gave the FERC additional authority to impose significant civil and criminal penalties for statutory violations and violations

of the FERC’s rules or orders and also expanded criminal penalties for such violations. Our competitive natural gas sales and services subsidiary markets natural gas in interstate commerce pursuant to blanket authority granted by the FERC.

 

Our natural gas pipeline subsidiaries may periodically file applications with the FERC for changes in their generally available maximum rates and charges designed to allow them to recover their costs of providing service to customers (to the extent allowed by prevailing market conditions), including a reasonable rate of return. These rates are normally allowed to become effective after a suspension period and, in some cases, are subject to refund under applicable law until such time as the FERC issues an order on the allowable level of rates.

 

CenterPoint Houston is not a “public utility” under the Federal Power Act and therefore is not generally regulated by the FERC, although certain of its transactions are subject to limited FERC jurisdiction. The Energy Act conferred new jurisdiction and responsibilities on the FERC with respect to ensuring the reliability of electric transmission service, including transmission facilities owned by CenterPoint Houston and other utilities within ERCOT. Under this authority, the FERC has designated the NERC as the Electric Reliability Organization (ERO) to promulgate standards, under FERC oversight, for all owners, operators and users of the bulk power system (Electric Entities). The ERO and the FERC have authority to impose fines and other sanctions on Electric Entities that fail to comply with the standards. The FERC has approved the delegation by the NERC of authority for reliability in ERCOT to the Texas Regional Entity, a division of ERCOT. CenterPoint Houston does not anticipate that the reliability standards proposed by the NERC and approved by the FERC will have a material adverse impact on its operations. To the extent that CenterPoint Houston is required to make additional expenditures to comply with these standards, it is anticipated that CenterPoint Houston will seek to recover those costs through the transmission charges that are imposed on all distribution service providers within ERCOT for electric transmission provided.

 

Under the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 2005 (PUHCA 2005), the FERC has authority to require holding companies and their subsidiaries to maintain certain books and records and make them available for review by the FERC and state regulatory authorities in certain circumstances. In December 2005, the FERC issued rules implementing PUHCA 2005. Pursuant to those rules, in June 2006, we filed with the FERC the required notification of our status as a public utility holding company. In October 2006, the FERC adopted additional rules regarding maintenance of books and records by utility holding companies and additional reporting and accounting requirements for centralized service companies that make allocations to public utilities regulated by the FERC under the Federal Power Act. Although we provide services to our subsidiaries through a service company, our service company is not subject to the FERC’s service company rules.

 

State and Local Regulation

 

Electric Transmission & Distribution

 

CenterPoint Houston conducts its operations pursuant to a certificate of convenience and necessity issued by the Texas Utility Commission that covers its present service area and facilities. The Texas Utility Commission and those municipalities that have retained original jurisdiction have the authority to set the rates and terms of service provided by CenterPoint Houston under cost of service rate regulation. CenterPoint Houston holds non-exclusive franchises from the incorporated municipalities in its service territory. In exchange for payment of fees, these franchises give CenterPoint Houston the right to use the streets and public rights-of-way of these municipalities to construct, operate and maintain its transmission and distribution system and to use that system to conduct its electric delivery business and for other purposes that the franchises permit. The terms of the franchises, with various expiration dates, typically range from 30 to 50 years.

 

CenterPoint Houston’s distribution rates charged to REPs for residential customers are based on amounts of energy delivered, whereas distribution rates for a majority of commercial and industrial customers are based on peak demand. All REPs in CenterPoint Houston’s service area pay the same rates and other charges for the same transmission and distribution services. Transmission rates charged to other distribution companies are based on amounts of energy transmitted under “postage stamp” rates that do not vary with the distance the energy is being transmitted. All distribution companies in ERCOT pay CenterPoint Houston the same rates and other charges for transmission services. This regulated delivery charge includes the transmission and distribution rate (which includes municipal franchise fees), a system benefit fund fee imposed by the Texas electric restructuring law, a

nuclear decommissioning charge associated with decommissioning the South Texas nuclear generating facility, transition charges associated with securitization of regulatory assets and securitization of stranded costs, a competition transition charge for collection of the true-up balance not securitized and a rate case expense charge.

 

Recovery of True-Up Balance.  For a discussion of CenterPoint Houston’s true-up proceedings, see “— Our Business — Electric Transmission & Distribution — Recovery of True-Up Balance” above.

 

CenterPoint Houston Rate Agreement.  CenterPoint Houston’s transmission and distribution rates are subject to the terms of a Settlement Agreement effective in October 2006. The Settlement Agreement provides that until June 30, 2010 CenterPoint Houston will not seek to increase its base rates and the other parties will not petition to decrease those rates. The rate freeze is subject to adjustment for certain limited matters, including the results of the appeals of the True-Up Order and the implementation of charges associated with securitizations. CenterPoint Houston must make a new base rate filing not later than June 30, 2010, based on a test year ended December 31, 2009, unless the staff of the Texas Utility Commission and certain cities notify it that such a filing is unnecessary.

 

Natural Gas Distribution

 

In almost all communities in which Gas Operations provides natural gas distribution services, it operates under franchises, certificates or licenses obtained from state and local authorities. The original terms of the franchises, with various expiration dates, typically range from 10 to 30 years, although franchises in Arkansas are perpetual. Gas Operations expects to be able to renew expiring franchises. In most cases, franchises to provide natural gas utility services are not exclusive.

 

Substantially all of Gas Operations is subject to cost-of-service regulation by the relevant state public utility commissions and, in Texas, by the Railroad Commission of Texas (Railroad Commission) and those municipalities Gas Operations serves that have retained original jurisdiction.

 

Arkansas.  In January 2007, Gas Operations filed an application with the Arkansas Public Service Commission (APSC) to change its natural gas distribution rates in order to increase its annual base revenues by approximately $51 million. Gas Operations subsequently agreed to reduce its request to approximately $40 million. As part of its filing, Gas Operations also proposed a revenue stabilization tariff (also known as decoupling) that would help stabilize revenues and eliminate the potential conflict between its efforts to earn a reasonable return on invested capital while promoting energy efficiency initiatives.

 

In September 2007, the APSC staff and Gas Operations entered into and filed with the APSC a Stipulation and Settlement Agreement (Settlement Agreement) under which the annual base revenues of Gas Operations would increase by approximately $20 million, and a revenue stabilization tariff would be allowed to go into effect, with an authorized rate of return on equity of 9.65% (reflecting a 10 basis point reduction for the implementation of the revenue stabilization tariff). The other parties to the proceeding agreed not to oppose the Settlement Agreement. In October 2007, the APSC issued an order approving the Settlement Agreement, and the new rates became effective with bills rendered on and after November 1, 2007.

 

Texas.  In December 2006, Gas Operations filed a statement of intent with the Railroad Commission of Texas (Railroad Commission) seeking to implement an increase in miscellaneous service charges and to allow recovery of the costs of financial hedging transactions through its purchased gas cost adjustment in the environs of its Texas Coast service territory. After approval of the filing by the Railroad Commission, the new service charges were implemented in the second quarter of 2007.

 

In response to an explosion resulting from the failure of a certain type of compression coupling on another company’s natural gas distribution system in Texas, the Railroad Commission has begun a rulemaking focusing on leak surveys, leak grading and the replacement of specific types of compression couplings. In addition, the Railroad Commission issued a directive in November 2007 requiring the removal of service risers known to have compression fittings that do not meet certain performance specifications. After reviewing our records as required by the directive, Gas Operations has no indication that we have the type of coupling described in that directive.

However, at this time we do not know what additional requirements may result from the pending Railroad Commission rulemaking or what impacts on our gas operations may result from any future regulatory initiatives adopted with respect to this issue.

 

In the first quarter of 2008, Gas Operations expects to file a request to change its rates with the Railroad Commission and the 47 cities in its Texas Coast service territory. The request will seek to establish uniform rates, charges and terms and conditions of service for the cities and environs of the Texas Coast service territory. The effect of the requested rate changes will be to increase the Texas Coast service territory’s revenues by approximately $7 million per year.

 

Minnesota.  In November 2005, Gas Operations filed a request with the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission (MPUC) to increase annual base rates by approximately $41 million. In December 2005, the MPUC approved an interim rate increase of approximately $35 million that was implemented January 1, 2006. In January 2007, the MPUC issued a final order granting a rate increase of approximately $21 million and approving a $5 million affordability program to assist low-income customers, the actual cost of which will be recovered in rates in addition to the $21 million rate increase. Final rates were implemented beginning May 1, 2007, and Gas Operations completed refunding to customers the proportional share of the excess of the amounts collected in interim rates over the amount allowed by the final order in the second quarter of 2007.

 

In November 2006, the MPUC denied a request filed by Gas Operations for a waiver of MPUC rules in order to allow Gas Operations to recover approximately $21 million in unrecovered purchased gas costs related to periods prior to July 1, 2004. Those unrecovered gas costs were identified as a result of revisions to previously approved calculations of unrecovered purchased gas costs. Following that denial, Gas Operations recorded a $21 million adjustment to reduce pre-tax earnings in the fourth quarter of 2006 and reduced the regulatory asset related to these costs by an equal amount. In March 2007, following the MPUC’s denial of reconsideration of its ruling, Gas Operations petitioned the Minnesota Court of Appeals for review of the MPUC’s decision. That court heard oral arguments on the appeal in February 2008 and is expected to render its decision within 90 days of that hearing. No prediction can be made as to the ultimate outcome of this matter.

 

Department of Transportation

 

In December 2002, Congress enacted the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002 (2002 Act). This legislation applies to our interstate pipelines as well as our intrastate pipeline and local distribution companies. The legislation imposes several requirements related to ensuring pipeline safety and integrity. It requires pipeline and distribution companies to assess the integrity of their pipeline transmission facilities in areas of high population concentration or High Consequence Areas (HCA). The legislation further requires companies to perform remediation activities in accordance with the requirements of the legislation over a 10-year period.

 

In December 2006, Congress enacted the Pipeline Inspection, Protection, Enforcement and Safety Act of 2006, which reauthorized the programs adopted under the 2002 Act, proposed enhancements for state programs to reduce excavation damage to pipelines, established increased federal enforcement of one-call excavation programs, and established a new program for review of pipeline security plans and critical facility inspections. In addition, beginning in October 2005, the PHMSA of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) commenced a rulemaking proceeding to develop rules that would better distinguish onshore gathering lines from production facilities and transmission lines, and to develop safety requirements better tailored to gathering line risks. In March 2006, the DOT revised its regulations to define more clearly the categories of gathering facilities subject to DOT regulation, establish new safety rules for certain gathering lines in rural areas, revise the current regulations applicable to safety and inspection of gathering lines in non-rural areas, and adopt new compliance deadlines.

 

We anticipate that compliance with these regulations by our interstate and intrastate pipelines and our natural gas distribution companies will require increases in both capital and operating costs. The level of expenditures required to comply with these regulations will be dependent on several factors, including the age of the facility, the pressures at which the facility operates and the number of facilities deemed to be located in areas designated as HCA. Based on our interpretation of the rules and preliminary technical reviews, we believe compliance will require average annual expenditures of approximately $15 to $20 million during the initial 10-year period.

ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS

 

Our operations are subject to stringent and complex laws and regulations pertaining to health, safety and the environment. As an owner or operator of natural gas pipelines, gas gathering and processing systems, and electric transmission and distribution systems, we must comply with these laws and regulations at the federal, state and local levels. These laws and regulations can restrict or impact our business activities in many ways, such as:

 

 

In order to comply with these requirements, we may need to spend substantial amounts and devote other resources from time to time to:

 

 

Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may trigger a variety of administrative, civil and criminal enforcement measures, including the assessment of monetary penalties, the imposition of remedial actions, and the issuance of orders enjoining future operations. Certain environmental statutes impose strict, joint and several liability for costs required to clean up and restore sites where hazardous substances have been disposed or otherwise released. Moreover, it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the release of hazardous substances or other waste products into the environment.

 

The trend in environmental regulation is to place more restrictions and limitations on activities that may affect the environment, and thus there can be no assurance as to the amount or timing of future expenditures for environmental compliance or remediation, and actual future expenditures may be different from the amounts we currently anticipate. We try to anticipate future regulatory requirements that might be imposed and plan accordingly to remain in compliance with changing environmental laws and regulations and to minimize the costs of such compliance.

 

Based on current regulatory requirements and interpretations, we do not believe that compliance with federal, state or local environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In addition, we believe that our current environmental remediation activities will not materially interrupt or diminish our operational ability. We cannot assure you, however, that future events, such as changes in existing laws, the promulgation of new laws, or the development or discovery of new facts or conditions will not cause us to incur significant costs. The following is a discussion of all material environmental and safety laws and regulations that relate to our operations. We believe that we are in substantial compliance with all of these environmental laws and regulations.

 

Global Climate Change

 

In recent years, there has been increasing public debate regarding the potential impact on global climate change by various “greenhouse gases” such as carbon dioxide, a byproduct of burning fossil fuels, and methane, a component of the natural gas which we transport and deliver to customers. Legislation to regulate emissions of greenhouse gases has been introduced in Congress, and there has been a wide-ranging policy debate, both nationally

and internationally, regarding the impact of these gases and possible means for their regulation. Some of the proposals would require industries such as the utility industry to meet stringent new standards requiring substantial reductions in carbon emissions. Those reductions could be costly and difficult to implement. Some proposals would provide for credits to those who reduce emissions below certain levels and would allow those credits to be traded and/or sold to others. It is too early to determine whether, and in what form, a regulatory scheme regarding greenhouse gas emissions will be adopted or what specific impacts a new regulatory scheme might have on us and our subsidiaries. However, as a distributor and transporter of natural gas and consumer of natural gas in its pipeline and gathering businesses, CERC’s revenues, operating costs and capital requirements could be adversely affected as a result of any regulatory scheme which would reduce consumption of natural gas if ultimately adopted. Our electric transmission and distribution business, unlike most electric utilities, does not generate electricity and thus is not directly exposed to the risk of high capital costs and regulatory uncertainties that face electric utilities that are in the business of generating electricity. Nevertheless, CenterPoint Houston’s revenues could be adversely affected to the extent any resulting regulatory scheme has the effect of reducing consumption of electricity by ultimate consumers within its service territory.

 

Air Emissions

 

Our operations are subject to the federal Clean Air Act and comparable state laws and regulations. These laws and regulations regulate emissions of air pollutants from various industrial sources, including our processing plants and compressor stations, and also impose various monitoring and reporting requirements. Such laws and regulations may require that we obtain pre-approval for the construction or modification of certain projects or facilities expected to produce air emissions or result in the increase of existing air emissions, obtain and strictly comply with air permits containing various emissions and operational limitations, or utilize specific emission control technologies to limit emissions. Our failure to comply with these requirements could subject us to monetary penalties, injunctions, conditions or restrictions on operations, and potentially criminal enforcement actions. We may be required to incur certain capital expenditures in the future for air pollution control equipment in connection with obtaining and maintaining operating permits and approvals for air emissions. We believe, however, that our operations will not be materially adversely affected by such requirements, and the requirements are not expected to be any more burdensome to us than to other similarly situated companies.

 

Water Discharges

 

Our operations are subject to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, as amended, also known as the Clean Water Act, and analogous state laws and regulations. These laws and regulations impose detailed requirements and strict controls regarding the discharge of pollutants into waters of the United States. The unpermitted discharge of pollutants, including discharges resulting from a spill or leak incident, is prohibited. The Clean Water Act and regulations implemented thereunder also prohibit discharges of dredged and fill material in wetlands and other waters of the United States unless authorized by an appropriately issued permit. Any unpermitted release of petroleum or other pollutants from our pipelines or facilities could result in fines or penalties as well as significant remedial obligations.

 

Hazardous Waste

 

Our operations generate wastes, including some hazardous wastes, that are subject to the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and comparable state laws, which impose detailed requirements for the handling, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous and solid waste. RCRA currently exempts many natural gas gathering and field processing wastes from classification as hazardous waste. Specifically, RCRA excludes from the definition of hazardous waste waters produced and other wastes associated with the exploration, development, or production of crude oil and natural gas. However, these oil and gas exploration and production wastes are still regulated under state law and the less stringent non-hazardous waste requirements of RCRA. Moreover, ordinary industrial wastes such as paint wastes, waste solvents, laboratory wastes, and waste compressor oils may be regulated as hazardous waste. The transportation of natural gas in pipelines may also generate some hazardous wastes that would be subject to RCRA or comparable state law requirements.

Liability for Remediation

 

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended (CERCLA), also known as “Superfund,” and comparable state laws impose liability, without regard to fault or the legality of the original conduct, on certain classes of persons responsible for the release of hazardous substances into the environment. Such classes of persons include the current and past owners or operators of sites where a hazardous substance was released and companies that disposed or arranged for the disposal of hazardous substances at offsite locations such as landfills. Although petroleum, as well as natural gas, is excluded from CERCLA’s definition of a “hazardous substance,” in the course of our ordinary operations we generate wastes that may fall within the definition of a “hazardous substance.” CERCLA authorizes the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and, in some cases, third parties to take action in response to threats to the public health or the environment and to seek to recover from the responsible classes of persons the costs they incur. Under CERCLA, we could be subject to joint and several liability for the costs of cleaning up and restoring sites where hazardous substances have been released, for damages to natural resources, and for the costs of certain health studies.

 

Liability for Preexisting Conditions

 

Hydrocarbon Contamination.  CERC Corp. and certain of its subsidiaries were among the defendants in lawsuits filed beginning in August 2001 in Caddo Parish and Bossier Parish, Louisiana. The suits alleged that, at some unspecified date prior to 1985, the defendants allowed or caused hydrocarbon or chemical contamination of the Wilcox Aquifer, which lies beneath property owned or leased by certain of the defendants and which is the sole or primary drinking water aquifer in the area. The primary source of the contamination was alleged by the plaintiffs to be a gas processing facility in Haughton, Bossier Parish, Louisiana known as the “Sligo Facility,” which was formerly operated by a predecessor in interest of CERC Corp. This facility was purportedly used for gathering natural gas from surrounding wells, separating liquid hydrocarbons from the natural gas for marketing, and transmission of natural gas for distribution.

 

In July 2007, the parties implemented the terms of an agreed settlement and resolved this matter. Pursuant to the agreed terms, a CERC Corp. subsidiary entered into a cooperative agreement with the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ), pursuant to which CERC Corp.’s subsidiary will work with the LDEQ to develop a remediation plan that could be implemented by the CERC Corp. subsidiary. As part of the settlement, CERC made a payment within the amounts previously reserved for this matter. We and CERC do not expect the costs associated with the resolution of this matter to have a material impact on the financial condition, results of operations or cash flows of either the Company or CERC.

 

Manufactured Gas Plant Sites.  CERC and its predecessors operated manufactured gas plants (MGP) in the past. In Minnesota, CERC has completed remediation on two sites, other than ongoing monitoring and water treatment. There are five remaining sites in CERC’s Minnesota service territory. CERC believes that it has no liability with respect to two of these sites.

 

At December 31, 2007, CERC had accrued $14 million for remediation of these Minnesota sites. At December 31, 2007, the estimated range of possible remediation costs for these sites was $4 million to $35 million based on remediation continuing for 30 to 50 years. The cost estimates are based on studies of a site or industry average costs for remediation of sites of similar size. The actual remediation costs will be dependent upon the number of sites to be remediated, the participation of other potentially responsible parties (PRP), if any, and the remediation methods used. CERC has utilized an environmental expense tracker mechanism in its rates in Minnesota to recover estimated costs in excess of insurance recovery. As of December 31, 2007, CERC had collected $13 million from insurance companies and rate payers to be used for future environmental remediation.

 

In addition to the Minnesota sites, the EPA and other regulators have investigated MGP sites that were owned or operated by CERC or may have been owned by one of its former affiliates. CERC has been named as a defendant in a lawsuit, filed in the United States District Court, District of Maine under which contribution is sought by private parties for the cost to remediate former MGP sites based on the previous ownership of such sites by former affiliates of CERC or its divisions. CERC has also been identified as a PRP by the State of Maine for a site that is the subject of the lawsuit. In June 2006, the federal district court in Maine ruled that the current owner of the site is responsible for site remediation but that an additional evidentiary hearing is required to determine if other potentially

responsible parties, including CERC, would have to contribute to that remediation. We are investigating details regarding this site and the range of environmental expenditures for potential remediation. However, CERC believes it is not liable as a former owner or operator of the site under CERCLA and applicable state statutes, and is vigorously contesting the suit and its designation as a PRP.

 

Mercury Contamination.  Our pipeline and distribution operations have in the past employed elemental mercury in measuring and regulating equipment. It is possible that small amounts of mercury may have been spilled in the course of normal maintenance and replacement operations and that these spills may have contaminated the immediate area with elemental mercury. We have found this type of contamination at some sites in the past, and we have conducted remediation at these sites. It is possible that other contaminated sites may exist and that remediation costs may be incurred for these sites. Although the total amount of these costs is not known at this time, based on our experience and that of others in the natural gas industry to date and on the current regulations regarding remediation of these sites, we believe that the costs of any remediation of these sites will not be material to our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

 

Asbestos.  Some of our facilities contain or have contained asbestos insulation and other asbestos-containing materials. We or our subsidiaries have been named, along with numerous others, as a defendant in lawsuits filed by a number of individuals who claim injury due to exposure to asbestos. Some of the claimants have worked at locations owned by us, but most existing claims relate to facilities previously owned by our subsidiaries. We anticipate that additional claims like those received may be asserted in the future. In 2004, we sold our generating business, to which most of these claims relate, to Texas Genco LLC, which is now known as NRG Texas LP (NRG). Under the terms of the arrangements regarding separation of the generating business from us and our sale of this business to Texas Genco LLC, ultimate financial responsibility for uninsured losses from claims relating to the generating business has been assumed by Texas Genco LLC and its successor, but we have agreed to continue to defend such claims to the extent they are covered by insurance we maintain, subject to reimbursement of the costs of such defense from the purchaser. Although their ultimate outcome cannot be predicted at this time, we intend to continue vigorously contesting claims that we do not consider to have merit and do not expect, based on our experience to date, these matters, either individually or in the aggregate, to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

 

Other Environmental.  From time to time we have received notices from regulatory authorities or others regarding our status as a PRP in connection with sites found to require remediation due to the presence of environmental contaminants. In addition, we have been named from time to time as a defendant in litigation related to such sites. Although the ultimate outcome of such matters cannot be predicted at this time, we do not expect, based on our experience to date, these matters, either individually or in the aggregate, to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

 

EMPLOYEES

 

As of December 31, 2007, we had 8,568 full-time employees. The following table sets forth the number of our employees by business segment:

 

As of December 31, 2007, approximately 30% of our employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements. We have four collective bargaining agreements, (1) United Steel Workers (USW) Local 13-227, (2) Office and Professional Employees International Union (OPEIU) Local 12 Metro, (3) OPEIU Local 12 Mankato, and (4) USW Local 13-1, that are scheduled to expire in 2008 that collectively cover approximately 8% of our employees. We have a good relationship with these bargaining units and expect to renegotiate new agreements in 2008.

 

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
(as of February 28, 2008)

 

 

David M. McClanahan has been President and Chief Executive Officer and a director of CenterPoint Energy since September 2002. He served as Vice Chairman of Reliant Energy, Incorporated (Reliant Energy) from October 2000 to September 2002 and as President and Chief Operating Officer of Reliant Energy’s Delivery Group from April 1999 to September 2002. He has served in various executive capacities with CenterPoint Energy since 1986. He previously served as Chairman of the Board of Directors of ERCOT and Chairman of the Board of the University of St. Thomas in Houston. He currently serves on the board of the Edison Electric Institute and as the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the American Gas Association.

 

Scott E. Rozzell has served as Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of CenterPoint Energy since September 2002. He served as Executive Vice President and General Counsel of the Delivery Group of Reliant Energy from March 2001 to September 2002. Before joining CenterPoint Energy in 2001, Mr. Rozzell was a senior partner in the law firm of Baker Botts L.L.P. He currently serves on the Board of Directors of the Association of Electric Companies of Texas.

 

Gary L. Whitlock has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of CenterPoint Energy since September 2002. He served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Delivery Group of Reliant Energy from July 2001 to September 2002. Mr. Whitlock served as the Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer of Dow AgroSciences, a subsidiary of The Dow Chemical Company, from 1998 to 2001.

 

Walter L. Fitzgerald has served as Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer of CenterPoint Energy since December 2007. He served as Vice President and Controller from October 2001 to December 2007. Before joining CenterPoint Energy in 2001, Mr. Fitzgerald was Controller of DuPont Dow Elastomers, from 1997 to 2001.

 

Byron R. Kelley has served as Senior Vice President and Group President of CenterPoint Energy Pipelines and Field Services since June 2004, having previously served as President and Chief Operating Officer of CenterPoint Energy Pipelines and Field Services from May 2003 to June 2004. Prior to joining CenterPoint Energy he served as President of El Paso International, a subsidiary of El Paso Corporation, from January 2001 to August 2002. He currently serves on the Board of Directors of the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

 

Thomas R. Standish has served as Senior Vice President and Group President-Regulated Operations of CenterPoint Energy since August 2005, having previously served as Senior Vice President and Group President and Chief Operating Officer of CenterPoint Houston from June 2004 to August 2005 and as President and Chief

Operating Officer of CenterPoint Houston from August 2002 to June 2004. He served as President and Chief Operating Officer for both electricity and natural gas for Reliant Energy’s Houston area from 1999 to August 2002. Mr. Standish has served in various executive capacities with CenterPoint Energy since 1993.

 

 

We are a holding company that conducts all of our business operations through subsidiaries, primarily CenterPoint Houston and CERC. The following, along with any additional legal proceedings identified or incorporated by reference in Item 3 of this report, summarizes the principal risk factors associated with the businesses conducted by each of these subsidiaries:

 

Risk Factors Affecting Our Electric Transmission & Distribution Business

 

CenterPoint Houston may not be successful in ultimately recovering the full value of its true-up components, which could result in the elimination of certain tax benefits and could have an adverse impact on CenterPoint Houston’s results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

 

In March 2004, CenterPoint Houston filed its true-up application with the Texas Utility Commission, requesting recovery of $3.7 billion, excluding interest, as allowed under the Texas electric restructuring law. In December 2004, the Texas Utility Commission issued the True-Up Order allowing CenterPoint Houston to recover a true-up balance of approximately $2.3 billion, which included interest through August 31, 2004, and provided for adjustment of the amount to be recovered to include interest on the balance until recovery, along with the principal portion of additional EMCs returned to customers after August 31, 2004 and in certain other respects.

 

CenterPoint Houston and other parties filed appeals of the True-Up Order to a district court in Travis County, Texas. In August 2005, that court issued its judgment on the various appeals. In its judgment, the district court:

 

 

The district court’s decision would have had the effect of restoring approximately $650 million, plus interest, of the $1.7 billion the Texas Utility Commission had disallowed from CenterPoint Houston’s initial request.

 

CenterPoint Houston and other parties appealed the district court’s judgment to the Texas Third Court of Appeals, which issued its decision in December 2007. In its decision, the court of appeals:

 

 

CenterPoint Houston and two other parties filed motions for rehearing with the court of appeals. In the event that the motions for rehearing are not resolved in a manner favorable to it, CenterPoint Houston intends to seek further review by the Texas Supreme Court. Although we and CenterPoint Houston believe that CenterPoint Houston’s true-up request is consistent with applicable statutes and regulations and accordingly that it is reasonably possible that it will be successful in its further appeals, we can provide no assurance as to the ultimate rulings by the courts on the issues to be considered in the various appeals or with respect to the ultimate decision by the Texas Utility Commission on the tax normalization issue described below.

 

To reflect the impact of the True-Up Order, in 2004 and 2005 we recorded a net after-tax extraordinary loss of $947 million. No amounts related to the district court’s judgment or the decision of the court of appeals have been

recorded in our consolidated financial statements. However, if the court of appeals decision is not reversed or modified as a result of the pending motions for rehearing or on further review by the Texas Supreme Court, we anticipate that we would be required to record an additional loss to reflect the court of appeals decision. The amount of that loss would depend on several factors, including ultimate resolution of the tax normalization issue described below and the calculation of interest on any amounts CenterPoint Houston ultimately is authorized to recover or is required to refund beyond the amounts recorded based on the True-up Order, but could range from $130 million to $350 million, plus interest subsequent to December 31, 2007.

 

In the True-Up Order the Texas Utility Commission reduced CenterPoint Houston’s stranded cost recovery by approximately $146 million, which was included in the extraordinary loss discussed above, for the present value of certain deferred tax benefits associated with its former electric generation assets. We believe that the Texas Utility Commission based its order on proposed regulations issued by the IRS in March 2003 which would have allowed utilities owning assets that were deregulated before March 4, 2003 to make a retroactive election to pass the benefits of ADITC and EDFIT back to customers. However, in December 2005, the IRS withdrew those proposed normalization regulations and issued new proposed regulations that do not include the provision allowing a retroactive election to pass the tax benefits back to customers. We subsequently requested a PLR asking the IRS whether the Texas Utility Commission’s order reducing CenterPoint Houston’s stranded cost recovery by $146 million for ADITC and EDFIT would cause normalization violations. In that ruling, which was received in August 2007, the IRS concluded that such reductions would cause normalization violations with respect to the ADITC and EDFIT. As in a similar PLR issued in May 2006 to another Texas utility, the IRS did not reference its proposed regulations.

 

The district court affirmed the Texas Utility Commission’s ruling on the tax normalization issue, but in response to a request from the Texas Utility Commission, the court of appeals ordered that the tax normalization issue be remanded for further consideration. If the Texas Utility Commission’s order relating to the ADITC reduction is not reversed or otherwise modified on remand so as to eliminate the normalization violation, the IRS could require us to pay an amount equal to CenterPoint Houston’s unamortized ADITC balance as of the date that the normalization violation is deemed to have occurred. In addition, the IRS could deny CenterPoint Houston the ability to elect accelerated tax depreciation benefits beginning in the taxable year that the normalization violation is deemed to have occurred. Such treatment if required by the IRS, could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows in addition to any potential loss resulting from final resolution of the True-Up Order. However, we and CenterPoint Houston will continue to pursue a favorable resolution of this issue through the appellate or administrative process. Although the Texas Utility Commission has not previously required a company subject to its jurisdiction to take action that would result in a normalization violation, no prediction can be made as to the ultimate action the Texas Utility Commission may take on this issue on remand.

 

CenterPoint Houston’s receivables are concentrated in a small number of REPs, and any delay or default in payment could adversely affect CenterPoint Houston’s cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

 

CenterPoint Houston’s receivables from the distribution of electricity are collected from REPs that supply the electricity CenterPoint Houston distributes to their customers. Currently, CenterPoint Houston does business with 74 REPs. Adverse economic conditions, structural problems in the market served by ERCOT or financial difficulties of one or more REPs could impair the ability of these retail providers to pay for CenterPoint Houston’s services or could cause them to delay such payments. CenterPoint Houston depends on these REPs to remit payments on a timely basis. Applicable regulatory provisions require that customers be shifted to a provider of last resort if a retail electric provider cannot make timely payments. Applicable Texas Utility Commission regulations limit the extent to which CenterPoint Houston can demand security from REPs for payment of its delivery charges. RRI, through its subsidiaries, is CenterPoint Houston’s largest customer. Approximately 48% of CenterPoint Houston’s $141 million in billed receivables from REPs at December 31, 2007 was owed by subsidiaries of RRI. Any delay or default in payment could adversely affect CenterPoint Houston’s cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

Rate regulation of CenterPoint Houston’s business may delay or deny CenterPoint Houston’s ability to earn a reasonable return and fully recover its costs.

 

CenterPoint Houston’s rates are regulated by certain municipalities and the Texas Utility Commission based on an analysis of its invested capital and its expenses in a test year. Thus, the rates that CenterPoint Houston is allowed to charge may not match its expenses at any given time. In this connection, pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, discussed in “Business — Regulation — State and Local Regulation — Electric Transmission & Distribution — CenterPoint Houston Rate Agreement” in Item 1 of this report, until June 30, 2010 CenterPoint Houston is limited in its ability to request rate relief. The regulatory process by which rates are determined may not always result in rates that will produce full recovery of CenterPoint Houston’s costs and enable CenterPoint Houston to earn a reasonable return on its invested capital.

 

Disruptions at power generation facilities owned by third parties could interrupt CenterPoint Houston’s sales of transmission and distribution services.

 

CenterPoint Houston transmits and distributes to customers of REPs electric power that the REPs obtain from power generation facilities owned by third parties. CenterPoint Houston does not own or operate any power generation facilities. If power generation is disrupted or if power generation capacity is inadequate, CenterPoint Houston’s sales of transmission and distribution services may be diminished or interrupted, and its results of operations, financial condition and cash flows may be adversely affected.

 

CenterPoint Houston’s revenues and results of operations are seasonal.

 

A significant portion of CenterPoint Houston’s revenues is derived from rates that it collects from each retail electric provider based on the amount of electricity it distributes on behalf of such retail electric provider. Thus, CenterPoint Houston’s revenues and results of operations are subject to seasonality, weather conditions and other changes in electricity usage, with revenues being higher during the warmer months.

 

Risk Factors Affecting Our Natural Gas Distribution, Competitive Natural Gas Sales and Services, Interstate Pipelines and Field Services Businesses

 

Rate regulation of CERC’s business may delay or deny CERC’s ability to earn a reasonable return and fully recover its costs.

 

CERC’s rates for its Gas Operations are regulated by certain municipalities and state commissions, and for its interstate pipelines by the FERC, based on an analysis of its invested capital and its expenses in a test year. Thus, the rates that CERC is allowed to charge may not match its expenses at any given time. The regulatory process in which rates are determined may not always result in rates that will produce full recovery of CERC’s costs and enable CERC to earn a reasonable return on its invested capital.

 

CERC’s businesses must compete with alternative energy sources, which could result in CERC marketing less natural gas, and its interstate pipelines and field services businesses must compete directly with others in the transportation, storage, gathering, treating and processing of natural gas, which could lead to lower prices, either of which could have an adverse impact on CERC’s results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

 

CERC competes primarily with alternate energy sources such as electricity and other fuel sources. In some areas, intrastate pipelines, other natural gas distributors and marketers also compete directly with CERC for natural gas sales to end-users. In addition, as a result of federal regulatory changes affecting interstate pipelines, natural gas marketers operating on these pipelines may be able to bypass CERC’s facilities and market, sell and/or transport natural gas directly to commercial and industrial customers. Any reduction in the amount of natural gas marketed, sold or transported by CERC as a result of competition may have an adverse impact on CERC’s results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

 

CERC’s two interstate pipelines and its gathering systems compete with other interstate and intrastate pipelines and gathering systems in the transportation and storage of natural gas. The principal elements of

competition are rates, terms of service, and flexibility and reliability of service. They also compete indirectly with other forms of energy, including electricity, coal and fuel oils. The primary competitive factor is price. The actions of CERC’s competitors could lead to lower prices, which may have an adverse impact on CERC’s results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

 

CERC’s natural gas distribution and competitive natural gas sales and services businesses are subject to fluctuations in natural gas pricing levels, which could affect the ability of CERC’s suppliers and customers to meet their obligations or otherwise adversely affect CERC’s liquidity.

 

CERC is subject to risk associated with increases in the price of natural gas. Increases in natural gas prices might affect CERC’s ability to collect balances due from its customers and, for Gas Operations, could create the potential for uncollectible accounts expense to exceed the recoverable levels built into CERC’s tariff rates. In addition, a sustained period of high natural gas prices could apply downward demand pressure on natural gas consumption in the areas in which CERC operates and increase the risk that CERC’s suppliers or customers fail or are unable to meet their obligations. Additionally, increasing natural gas prices could create the need for CERC to provide collateral in order to purchase natural gas.

 

If CERC were to fail to renegotiate a contract with one of its significant pipeline customers or if CERC renegotiates the contract on less favorable terms, there could be an adverse impact on its operations.

 

Since October 31, 2006, CERC’s contract with Laclede, one of its pipeline customers, has been terminable upon one year’s prior notice. CERC has not received a termination notice and is currently negotiating a long-term contract with Laclede. If Laclede were to terminate this contract or if CERC were to renegotiate this contract at rates substantially lower than the rates provided in the current contract, there could be an adverse effect on CERC’s results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

 

A decline in CERC’s credit rating could result in CERC’s having to provide collateral in order to purchase gas.

 

If CERC’s credit rating were to decline, it might be required to post cash collateral in order to purchase natural gas. If a credit rating downgrade and the resultant cash collateral requirement were to occur at a time when CERC was experiencing significant working capital requirements or otherwise lacked liquidity, CERC might be unable to obtain the necessary natural gas to meet its obligations to customers, and its results of operations, financial condition and cash flows would be adversely affected.

 

The revenues and results of operations of CERC’s interstate pipelines and field services businesses are subject to fluctuations in the supply of natural gas.

 

CERC’s interstate pipelines and field services businesses largely rely on natural gas sourced in the various supply basins located in the Mid-continent region of the United States. To the extent the availability of this supply is substantially reduced, it could have an adverse effect on CERC’s results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

 

CERC’s revenues and results of operations are seasonal.

 

A substantial portion of CERC’s revenues is derived from natural gas sales and transportation. Thus, CERC’s revenues and results of operations are subject to seasonality, weather conditions and other changes in natural gas usage, with revenues being higher during the winter months.

 

The actual cost of pipelines under construction and related compression facilities may be significantly higher than CERC’s current estimates.

 

Subsidiaries of CERC Corp. are involved in significant pipeline construction projects. The construction of new pipelines and related compression facilities requires the expenditure of significant amounts of capital, which may exceed CERC’s estimates. These projects may not be completed at the budgeted cost, on schedule or at all. The construction of new pipeline or compression facilities is subject to construction cost overruns due to labor costs,

costs of equipment and materials such as steel and nickel, labor shortages or delays, weather delays, inflation or other factors, which could be material. In addition, the construction of these facilities is typically subject to the receipt of approvals and permits from various regulatory agencies. Those agencies may not approve the projects in a timely manner or may impose restrictions or conditions on the projects that could potentially prevent a project from proceeding, lengthen its expected completion schedule and/or increase its anticipated cost. As a result, there is the risk that the new facilities may not be able to achieve CERC’s expected investment return, which could adversely affect CERC’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

 

The states in which CERC provides regulated local gas distribution may, either through legislation or rules, adopt restrictions similar to or broader than those under the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 regarding organization, financing and affiliate transactions that could have significant adverse impacts on CERC’s ability to operate.

 

The Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, to which the Company was subject prior to its repeal in the Energy Act, provided a comprehensive regulatory structure governing the organization, capital structure, intracompany relationships and lines of business that could be pursued by registered holding companies and their member companies. Following repeal of that Act, some states in which CERC does business have sought to expand their own regulatory frameworks to give their regulatory authorities increased jurisdiction and scrutiny over similar aspects of the utilities that operate in their states. Some of these frameworks attempt to regulate financing activities, acquisitions and divestitures, and arrangements between the utilities and their affiliates, and to restrict the level of non-utility businesses that can be conducted within the holding company structure. Additionally they may impose record keeping, record access, employee training and reporting requirements related to affiliate transactions and reporting in the event of certain downgrading of the utility’s bond rating.

 

These regulatory frameworks could have adverse effects on CERC’s ability to operate its utility operations, to finance its business and to provide cost-effective utility service. In addition, if more than one state adopts restrictions over similar activities, it may be difficult for CERC and us to comply with competing regulatory requirements.

 

Risk Factors Associated with Our Consolidated Financial Condition

 

If we are unable to arrange future financings on acceptable terms, our ability to refinance existing indebtedness could be limited.

 

As of December 31, 2007, we had $9.7 billion of outstanding indebtedness on a consolidated basis, which includes $2.3 billion of non-recourse transition bonds. As of December 31, 2007, approximately $842 million principal amount of this debt is required to be paid through 2010. This amount excludes principal repayments of approximately $525 million on transition bonds, for which a dedicated revenue stream exists. In addition, as of December 31, 2007, we had $535 million of outstanding 3.75% convertible notes on which holders could exercise their conversion rights during the first quarter of 2008 and in subsequent quarters in which our common stock price causes such notes to be convertible. In January and February 2008, holders of our 3.75% convertible senior notes converted approximately $123 million principal amount of such notes. In February 2008, we issued approximately $488 million of additional non-recourse transition bonds. Our future financing activities may depend, at least in part, on:

 

 

 

As of December 31, 2007, CenterPoint Houston had outstanding $2.0 billion aggregate principal amount of general mortgage bonds, including approximately $527 million held in trust to secure pollution control bonds for which we are obligated and approximately $229 million held in trust to secure pollution control bonds for which CenterPoint Houston is obligated. Additionally, CenterPoint Houston had outstanding approximately $253 million aggregate principal amount of first mortgage bonds, including approximately $151 million held in trust to secure certain pollution control bonds for which we are obligated. CenterPoint Houston may issue additional general mortgage bonds on the basis of retired bonds, 70% of property additions or cash deposited with the trustee. Approximately $2.3 billion of additional first mortgage bonds and general mortgage bonds in the aggregate could be issued on the basis of retired bonds and 70% of property additions as of December 31, 2007. However, CenterPoint Houston has contractually agreed that it will not issue additional first mortgage bonds, subject to certain exceptions.

 

Our current credit ratings are discussed in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Future Sources and Uses of Cash — Impact on Liquidity of a Downgrade in Credit Ratings” in Item 7 of this report. These credit ratings may not remain in effect for any given period of time and one or more of these ratings may be lowered or withdrawn entirely by a rating agency. We note that these credit ratings are not recommendations to buy, sell or hold our securities. Each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating. Any future reduction or withdrawal of one or more of our credit ratings could have a material adverse impact on our ability to access capital on acceptable terms.

 

As a holding company with no operations of our own, we will depend on distributions from our subsidiaries to meet our payment obligations, and provisions of applicable law or contractual restrictions could limit the amount of those distributions.

 

We derive all our operating income from, and hold all our assets through, our subsidiaries. As a result, we will depend on distributions from our subsidiaries in order to meet our payment obligations. In general, these subsidiaries are separate and distinct legal entities and have no obligation to provide us with funds for our payment obligations, whether by dividends, distributions, loans or otherwise. In addition, provisions of applicable law, such as those limiting the legal sources of dividends, limit our subsidiaries’ ability to make payments or other distributions to us, and our subsidiaries could agree to contractual restrictions on their ability to make distributions.

 

Our right to receive any assets of any subsidiary, and therefore the right of our creditors to participate in those assets, will be effectively subordinated to the claims of that subsidiary’s creditors, including trade creditors. In addition, even if we were a creditor of any subsidiary, our rights as a creditor would be subordinated to any security interest in the assets of that subsidiary and any indebtedness of the subsidiary senior to that held by us.

 

The use of derivative contracts by us and our subsidiaries in the normal course of business could result in financial losses that could negatively impact our results of operations and those of our subsidiaries.

 

We and our subsidiaries use derivative instruments, such as swaps, options, futures and forwards, to manage our commodity, weather and financial market risks. We and our subsidiaries could recognize financial losses as a result of volatility in the market values of these contracts, or should a counterparty fail to perform. In the absence of actively quoted market prices and pricing information from external sources, the valuation of these financial instruments can involve management’s judgment or use of estimates. As a result, changes in the underlying assumptions or use of alternative valuation methods could affect the reported fair value of these contracts.

Risks Common to Our Businesses and Other Risks

 

We are subject to operational and financial risks and liabilities arising from environmental laws and regulations.

 

Our operations are subject to stringent and complex laws and regulations pertaining to health, safety and the environment, as discussed in “Business — Environmental Matters” in Item 1 of this report. As an owner or operator of natural gas pipelines and distribution systems, gas gathering and processing systems, and electric transmission and distribution systems, we must comply with these laws and regulations at the federal, state and local levels. These laws and regulations can restrict or impact our business activities in many ways, such as:

 

 

In order to comply with these requirements, we may need to spend substantial amounts and devote other resources from time to time to:

 

 

Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may trigger a variety of administrative, civil and criminal enforcement measures, including the assessment of monetary penalties, the imposition of remedial actions, and the issuance of orders enjoining future operations. Certain environmental statutes impose strict, joint and several liability for costs required to clean up and restore sites where hazardous substances have been disposed or otherwise released. Moreover, it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the release of hazardous substances or other waste products into the environment.

 

Our insurance coverage may not be sufficient. Insufficient insurance coverage and increased insurance costs could adversely impact our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

 

We currently have general liability and property insurance in place to cover certain of our facilities in amounts that we consider appropriate. Such policies are subject to certain limits and deductibles and do not include business interruption coverage. Insurance coverage may not be available in the future at current costs or on commercially reasonable terms, and the insurance proceeds received for any loss of, or any damage to, any of our facilities may not be sufficient to restore the loss or damage without negative impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

 

In common with other companies in its line of business that serve coastal regions, CenterPoint Houston does not have insurance covering its transmission and distribution system because CenterPoint Houston believes it to be cost prohibitive. If CenterPoint Houston were to sustain any loss of, or damage to, its transmission and distribution properties, it may not be able to recover such loss or damage through a change in its regulated rates, and any such recovery may not be timely granted. Therefore, CenterPoint Houston may not be able to restore any loss of, or damage to, any of its transmission and distribution properties without negative impact on its results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

We, CenterPoint Houston and CERC could incur liabilities associated with businesses and assets that we have transferred to others.

 

Under some circumstances, we, CenterPoint Houston and CERC could incur liabilities associated with assets and businesses we, CenterPoint Houston and CERC no longer own. These assets and businesses were previously owned by Reliant Energy, a predecessor of CenterPoint Houston, directly or through subsidiaries and include:

 

 

In connection with the organization and capitalization of RRI, RRI and its subsidiaries assumed liabilities associated with various assets and businesses Reliant Energy transferred to them. RRI also agreed to indemnify, and cause the applicable transferee subsidiaries to indemnify, us and our subsidiaries, including CenterPoint Houston and CERC, with respect to liabilities associated with the transferred assets and businesses. These indemnity provisions were intended to place sole financial responsibility on RRI and its subsidiaries for all liabilities associated with the current and historical businesses and operations of RRI, regardless of the time those liabilities arose. If RRI were unable to satisfy a liability that has been so assumed in circumstances in which Reliant Energy and its subsidiaries were not released from the liability in connection with the transfer, we, CenterPoint Houston or CERC could be responsible for satisfying the liability.

 

Prior to the distribution of our ownership in RRI to our shareholders, CERC had guaranteed certain contractual obligations of what became RRI’s trading subsidiary. Under the terms of the separation agreement between the companies, RRI agreed to extinguish all such guaranty obligations prior to separation, but at the time of separation in September 2002, RRI had been unable to extinguish all obligations. To secure CERC against obligations under the remaining guaranties, RRI agreed to provide cash or letters of credit for the benefit of CERC, and undertook to use commercially reasonable efforts to extinguish the remaining guaranties. In February 2007, we and CERC made a formal demand on RRI in connection with one of the two remaining guaranties under procedures provided by the Master Separation Agreement, dated December 31, 2000, between Reliant Energy and RRI. That demand sought to resolve a disagreement with RRI over the amount of security RRI is obligated to provide with respect to this guaranty. In December 2007, we, CERC and RRI amended the agreement relating to the security to be provided by RRI for these guaranties, pursuant to which CERC released the $29.3 million in letters of credit RRI had provided as security, and RRI agreed to provide cash or new letters of credit to secure CERC against exposure under the remaining guaranties as calculated under the new agreement if and to the extent changes in market conditions exposed CERC to a risk of loss on those guaranties.

 

The remaining exposure to CERC under the guaranties relates to payment of demand charges related to transportation contracts. The present value of the demand charges under those transportation contracts, which will be effective until 2018, was approximately $135 million as of December 31, 2007. RRI continues to meet its obligations under the contracts, and we believe current market conditions make those contracts valuable in the near term and that additional security is not needed at this time. However, changes in market conditions could affect the value of those contracts. If RRI should fail to perform its obligations under the contracts or if RRI should fail to provide security in the event market conditions change adversely, our exposure to the counterparty under the guaranty could exceed the security provided by RRI.

 

RRI’s unsecured debt ratings are currently below investment grade. If RRI were unable to meet its obligations, it would need to consider, among various options, restructuring under the bankruptcy laws, in which event RRI might not honor its indemnification obligations and claims by RRI’s creditors might be made against us as its former owner.

 

Reliant Energy and RRI are named as defendants in a number of lawsuits arising out of energy sales in California and other markets and financial reporting matters. Although these matters relate to the business and operations of RRI, claims against Reliant Energy have been made on grounds that include the effect of RRI’s financial results on Reliant Energy’s historical financial statements and liability of Reliant Energy as a controlling shareholder of RRI. We or CenterPoint Houston could incur liability if claims in one or more of these lawsuits were

successfully asserted against us or CenterPoint Houston and indemnification from RRI were determined to be unavailable or if RRI were unable to satisfy indemnification obligations owed with respect to those claims.

 

In connection with the organization and capitalization of Texas Genco, Texas Genco assumed liabilities associated with the electric generation assets Reliant Energy transferred to it. Texas Genco also agreed to indemnify, and cause the applicable transferee subsidiaries to indemnify, us and our subsidiaries, including CenterPoint Houston, with respect to liabilities associated with the transferred assets and businesses. In many cases the liabilities assumed were obligations of CenterPoint Houston and CenterPoint Houston was not released by third parties from these liabilities. The indemnity provisions were intended generally to place sole financial responsibility on Texas Genco and its subsidiaries for all liabilities associated with the current and historical businesses and operations of Texas Genco, regardless of the time those liabilities arose. In connection with the sale of Texas Genco’s fossil generation assets (coal, lignite and gas-fired plants) to Texas Genco LLC, the separation agreement we entered into with Texas Genco in connection with the organization and capitalization of Texas Genco was amended to provide that all of Texas Genco’s rights and obligations under the separation agreement relating to its fossil generation assets, including Texas Genco’s obligation to indemnify us with respect to liabilities associated with the fossil generation assets and related business, were assigned to and assumed by Texas Genco LLC. In addition, under the amended separation agreement, Texas Genco is no longer liable for, and we have assumed and agreed to indemnify Texas Genco LLC against, liabilities that Texas Genco originally assumed in connection with its organization to the extent, and only to the extent, that such liabilities are covered by certain insurance policies or other similar agreements held by us. If Texas Genco or Texas Genco LLC were unable to satisfy a liability that had been so assumed or indemnified against, and provided Reliant Energy had not been released from the liability in connection with the transfer, CenterPoint Houston could be responsible for satisfying the liability.

 

We or our subsidiaries have been named, along with numerous others, as a defendant in lawsuits filed by a large number of individuals who claim injury due to exposure to asbestos. Most claimants in such litigation have been workers who participated in construction of various industrial facilities, including power plants. Some of the claimants have worked at locations we own, but most existing claims relate to facilities previously owned by our subsidiaries but currently owned by Texas Genco LLC, which is now known as NRG Texas LP. We anticipate that additional claims like those received may be asserted in the future. Under the terms of the arrangements regarding separation of the generating business from us and its sale to Texas Genco LLC, ultimate financial responsibility for uninsured losses from claims relating to the generating business has been assumed by Texas Genco LLC and its successor, but we have agreed to continue to defend such claims to the extent they are covered by insurance maintained by us, subject to reimbursement of the costs of such defense by Texas Genco LLC.

 

 

Not applicable.

 

 

Character of Ownership

 

We own or lease our principal properties in fee, including our corporate office space and various real property. Most of our electric lines and gas mains are located, pursuant to easements and other rights, on public roads or on land owned by others.

 

Electric Transmission & Distribution

 

For information regarding the properties of our Electric Transmission & Distribution business segment, please read “Business — Our Business — Electric Transmission & Distribution — Properties” in Item 1 of this report, which information is incorporated herein by reference.

Natural Gas Distribution

 

For information regarding the properties of our Natural Gas Distribution business segment, please read “Business — Our Business — Natural Gas Distribution — Assets” in Item 1 of this report, which information is incorporated herein by reference.

 

Competitive Natural Gas Sales and Services

 

For information regarding the properties of our Competitive Natural Gas Sales and Services business segment, please read “Business — Our Business — Competitive Natural Gas Sales and Services — Assets” in Item 1 of this report, which information is incorporated herein by reference.

 

Interstate Pipelines

 

For information regarding the properties of our Interstate Pipelines business segment, please read “Business — Our Business — Interstate Pipelines — Assets” in Item 1 of this report, which information is incorporated herein by reference.

 

Field Services

 

For information regarding the properties of our Field Services business segment, please read “Business — Our Business — Field Services — Assets” in Item 1 of this report, which information is incorporated herein by reference.

 

Other Operations

 

For information regarding the properties of our Other Operations business segment, please read “Business — Our Business — Other Operations” in Item 1 of this report, which information is incorporated herein by reference.

 

 

For a discussion of material legal and regulatory proceedings affecting us, please read “Business — Regulation” and “Business — Environmental Matters” in Item 1 of this report and Notes 4 and 10(d) to our consolidated financial statements, which information is incorporated herein by reference.

 

 

There were no matters submitted to the vote of our security holders during the fourth quarter of 2007.

 

 

As of February 15, 2008, our common stock was held of record by approximately 49,092 shareholders. Our common stock is listed on the New York and Chicago Stock Exchanges and is traded under the symbol “CNP.”

The following table sets forth the high and low closing prices of the common stock of CenterPoint Energy on the New York Stock Exchange composite tape during the periods indicated, as reported by Bloomberg, and the cash dividends declared in these periods.

 

 

The closing market price of our common stock on December 31, 2007 was $17.13 per share.

 

The amount of future cash dividends will be subject to determination based upon our results of operations and financial condition, our future business prospects, any applicable contractual restrictions and other factors that our board of directors considers relevant and will be declared at the discretion of the board of directors.

 

On January 24, 2008, we announced a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.1825 per share, payable on March 10, 2008 to shareholders of record on February 15, 2008.

 

Repurchases of Equity Securities

 

During the quarter ended December 31, 2007, none of our equity securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 were purchased by or on behalf of us or any of our “affiliated purchasers,” as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Conversion of 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023

 

Since December 31, 2007, we have issued 4,145,377 shares of our common stock upon conversion of approximately $123 million aggregate principal amount of our 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023, as set forth in the table below:

 

 

 

 

As a result of a February 2008 conversion election by a holder of $10 million principal amount of our 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023, additional shares of our common stock are expected to be issued in March 2008 to settle the amount due to the converting holder in excess of the principal amount which must be settled in cash.

 

The shares of our common stock were issued solely to former holders of our 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 upon conversion pursuant to the exemption from registration provided under Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. This exemption is available because the shares of our common stock were exchanged by us with our existing security holders exclusively where no commission or other remuneration was paid or given directly or indirectly for soliciting such an exchange.

 

Common Stock Award to Chairman

 

In May 2007, we awarded Milton Carroll 25,000 shares of our common stock pursuant to an agreement under which he serves as Chairman of our Board of Directors. We relied on the private placement exemption from registration under Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933.

 

The following table presents selected financial data with respect to our consolidated financial condition and consolidated results of operations and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes in Item 8 of this report.

 

 

 

 

The following discussion and analysis should be read in combination with our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 herein.

 

OVERVIEW

 

Background

 

We are a public utility holding company whose indirect wholly owned subsidiaries include:

 

 

Business Segments

 

In this section, we discuss our results from continuing operations on a consolidated basis and individually for each of our business segments. We also discuss our liquidity, capital resources and critical accounting policies. We are first and foremost an energy delivery company and it is our intention to remain focused on this segment of the energy business. The results of our business operations are significantly impacted by weather, customer growth, cost management, rate proceedings before regulatory agencies and other actions of the various regulatory agencies to which we are subject. Our electric transmission and distribution services are subject to rate regulation and are reported in the Electric Transmission & Distribution business segment, as are impacts of generation-related stranded costs and other true-up balances recoverable by the regulated electric utility. Our natural gas distribution

services are also subject to rate regulation and are reported in the Natural Gas Distribution business segment. A summary of our reportable business segments as of December 31, 2007 is set forth below:

 

Electric Transmission & Distribution

 

Our electric transmission and distribution operations provide electric transmission and distribution services to retail electric providers (REPs) serving approximately 2.0 million metered customers in a 5,000-square-mile area of the Texas Gulf Coast that has a population of approximately 5.5 million people and includes Houston.

 

On behalf of REPs, CenterPoint Houston delivers electricity from power plants to substations, from one substation to another and to retail electric customers in locations throughout the control area managed by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), which serves as the regional reliability coordinating council for member electric power systems in Texas. ERCOT membership is open to consumer groups, investor and municipally owned electric utilities, rural electric cooperatives, independent generators, power marketers and REPs. The ERCOT market represents approximately 85% of the demand for power in Texas and is one of the nation’s largest power markets. Transmission and distribution services are provided under tariffs approved by the Texas Utility Commission.

 

Natural Gas Distribution

 

CERC owns and operates our regulated natural gas distribution business, which engages in intrastate natural gas sales to, and natural gas transportation for, approximately 3.2 million residential, commercial and industrial customers in Arkansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Oklahoma and Texas.

 

Competitive Natural Gas Sales and Services

 

CERC’s operations also include non-rate regulated retail and wholesale natural gas sales to, and transportation services for, commercial and industrial customers in the six states listed above as well as several other Midwestern and Eastern states.

 

Interstate Pipelines

 

CERC’s interstate pipelines business owns and operates approximately 8,100 miles of gas transmission lines primarily located in Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas. This business also owns and operates six natural gas storage fields with a combined daily deliverability of approximately 1.2 billion cubic feet (Bcf) per day and a combined working gas capacity of approximately 59.0 Bcf. Most storage operations are in north Louisiana and Oklahoma. This business has recently completed the first two phases of its Carthage to Perryville pipeline in 2007 adding over 1.2 Bcf per day, and is in the process of completing its third phase. In addition, construction has begun on the Southeast Supply Header (SESH) pipeline joint venture project.

 

Field Services

 

CERC’s field services business owns and operates approximately 3,500 miles of gathering pipelines and processing plants that collect, treat and process natural gas from approximately 151 separate systems located in major producing fields in Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma and Texas.

 

Other Operations

 

Our other operations business segment includes office buildings and other real estate used in our business operations and other corporate operations which support all of our business operations.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

 

Significant Events in 2007 and 2008

 

Debt Financing Transactions

 

In December 2006, we called our 2.875% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 (2.875% Convertible Notes) for redemption on January 22, 2007 at 100% of their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. The 2.875% Convertible Notes became immediately convertible at the option of the holders upon our call for redemption and were convertible through the close of business on the redemption date. Substantially all the $255 million aggregate principal amount of the 2.875% Convertible Notes were converted and the remaining amount was redeemed. The $255 million principal amount of the 2.875% Convertible Notes was settled in cash and the excess value due converting holders of $97 million was settled by delivering approximately 5.6 million shares of our common stock.

 

In February 2007, we redeemed $103 million aggregate principal amount of 8.257% Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debentures at 104.1285% of their aggregate principal amount and the related 8.257% capital securities issued by HL&P Capital Trust II were redeemed at 104.1285% of their $100 million aggregate liquidation value.

 

In February 2007, we issued $250 million aggregate principal amount of senior notes due in February 2017 with an interest rate of 5.95%. The proceeds from the sale of the senior notes were used to repay debt incurred in satisfying our $255 million cash payment obligation in connection with the conversion and redemption of our 2.875% Convertible Notes as discussed above.

 

In February 2007, CERC Corp. issued $150 million aggregate principal amount of senior notes due in February 2037 with an interest rate of 6.25%. The proceeds from the sale of the senior notes were used to repay advances for the purchase of receivables under CERC Corp.’s $375 million receivables facility. Such repayment provides increased liquidity and capital resources for CERC’s general corporate purposes.

 

In June 2007, we, CenterPoint Houston and CERC Corp. entered into amended and restated bank credit facilities. Our amended credit facility is a $1.2 billion five-year senior unsecured revolving credit facility. The facility has a first drawn cost of London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) plus 55 basis points based on our current credit ratings, versus the previous rate of LIBOR plus 60 basis points. The amended facility at CenterPoint Houston is a $300 million five-year senior unsecured revolving credit facility. The facility’s first drawn cost remains at LIBOR plus 45 basis points based on CenterPoint Houston’s current credit ratings. The amended facility at CERC Corp. is a $950 million five-year senior unsecured revolving credit facility versus a $550 million facility prior to the amendment. The facility’s first drawn cost remains at LIBOR plus 45 basis points based on CERC Corp.’s current credit ratings.

 

In October 2007, CERC Corp. issued $250 million aggregate principal amount of 6.125% senior notes due in November 2017 and $250 million aggregate principal amount of 6.625% senior notes due in November 2037. The proceeds from the sale of the senior notes were used for general corporate purposes, including repayment or refinancing of debt, including $300 million of CERC Corp.’s 6.5% senior notes due February 1, 2008, capital expenditures, working capital and loans to or investments in affiliates. Pending application of the proceeds for these purposes, CERC Corp. repaid borrowings under its revolving credit and receivables facilities.

 

In October 2007, CERC amended its receivables facility and extended the termination date to October 28, 2008. The facility size will range from $150 million to $375 million during the period from October 2007 to the October 28, 2008 termination date. The variable size of the facility was designed to track the seasonal pattern of receivables in CERC’s natural gas businesses.

 

In 2007, we issued 1.3 million shares of our common stock and paid cash of approximately $40 million upon conversion of approximately $40 million principal amount of our 3.75% convertible senior notes. Subsequent to December 31, 2007, we have issued 4.1 million shares of our common stock and paid cash of approximately $121 million upon conversion of approximately $123 million principal amount of our 3.75% convertible senior notes. A February 2008 conversion notice by a holder of $10 million principal amount of our 3.75% convertible

senior notes is expected to result in a March 2008 conversion and settlement with a cash payment for the principal amount and delivery of shares of our common stock for the excess value due the converting holder.

 

Transition Bonds

 

Pursuant to a financing order issued by the Texas Utility Commission in September 2007, in February 2008 a subsidiary of CenterPoint Houston issued approximately $488 million in transition bonds in two tranches with interest rates of 4.192% and 5.234% and final maturity dates in February 2020 and February 2023, respectively. Scheduled final payment dates are February 2017 and February 2020. Through issuance of the transition bonds, CenterPoint Houston securitized transition property of approximately $483 million representing the remaining balance of the competition transition charge (CTC) less an environmental refund as reduced by the fuel reconciliation settlement amount.

 

Recovery of True-Up Balance

 

In December 2007, the Texas Third Court of Appeals issued its decision in the appeal of the 2004 final order (True-Up Order) issued by the Texas Utility Commission to CenterPoint Houston. In its decision, the court of appeals:

 

 

CenterPoint Houston and two other parties filed motions for rehearing with the court of appeals. In the event that the motions for rehearing are not resolved in a manner favorable to it, CenterPoint Houston intends to seek further review by the Texas Supreme Court. Although we and CenterPoint Houston believe that CenterPoint Houston’s true-up request is consistent with applicable statutes and regulations and accordingly that it is reasonably possible that it will be successful in its further appeals, we can provide no assurance as to the ultimate rulings by the courts on the issues to be considered in the various appeals or with respect to the ultimate decision by the Texas Utility Commission on the tax normalization issue.

 

To reflect the impact of the True-Up Order, in 2004 and 2005 we recorded a net after-tax extraordinary loss of $947 million. No amounts related to the district court’s judgment or the decision of the court of appeals have been recorded in our consolidated financial statements. However, if the court of appeals decision is not reversed or modified as a result of the pending motions for rehearing or on further review by the Texas Supreme Court, we anticipate that we would be required to record an additional loss to reflect the court of appeals decision. The amount of that loss would depend on several factors, including ultimate resolution of the tax normalization issue and the calculation of interest on any amounts CenterPoint Houston ultimately is authorized to recover or is required to refund beyond the amounts recorded based on the True-up Order, but could range from $130 million to $350 million, plus interest subsequent to December 31, 2007.

 

Interstate Pipeline Expansion

 

Carthage to Perryville. In April 2007, CenterPoint Energy Gas Transmission (CEGT), a wholly owned subsidiary of CERC Corp., completed phase one construction of a 172-mile, 42-inch diameter pipeline and related compression facilities for the transportation of gas from Carthage, Texas to CEGT’s Perryville hub in northeast Louisiana. On May 1, 2007, CEGT began service under its firm transportation agreements with shippers of approximately 960 million cubic feet (MMcf) per day. CEGT’s second phase of the project, which involved adding compression that increased the total capacity of the pipeline to approximately 1.25 Bcf per day, was placed into service in August 2007. CEGT has signed firm contracts for the full capacity of phases one and two.

 

In May 2007, CEGT received Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) approval for the third phase of the project to expand capacity of the pipeline to 1.5 Bcf per day by adding additional compression and operating at

higher pressures, and in July 2007, CEGT received approval from the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Administration (PHMSA) to increase the maximum allowable operating pressure. The PHMSA’s approval contained certain conditions and requirements, which CEGT expects to satisfy in the first quarter of 2008. CEGT has executed contracts for approximately 150 MMcf per day of the 250 MMcf per day phase three expansion. The third phase is projected to be in-service in the second quarter of 2008.

 

SESH.  In June 2006, CenterPoint Energy Southeast Pipelines Holding, L.L.C., a wholly owned subsidiary of CERC Corp., and a subsidiary of Spectra Energy Corp. (Spectra) formed a joint venture, SESH, to construct, own and operate a 270-mile pipeline with a capacity of approximately 1 Bcf per day that will extend from CEGT’s Perryville hub in northeast Louisiana to an interconnection in southern Alabama with Gulfstream Natural Gas System, which is 50% owned by an affiliate of Spectra. We account for our 50% interest in SESH as an equity investment. In 2006, SESH signed agreements with shippers for firm transportation services, which subscribed capacity of 945 million cubic feet per day. Additionally, SESH and Southern Natural Gas (SNG) have executed a definitive agreement that provides for SNG to jointly own the first 115 miles of the pipeline. Under the agreement, SNG will own an undivided interest in the portion of the pipeline from Perryville, Louisiana to an interconnect with SNG in Mississippi. The pipe diameter was increased from 36 inches to 42 inches, thereby increasing the initial capacity of 1 Bcf per day by 140 MMcf per day to accommodate SNG. SESH will own assets providing approximately 1 Bcf per day of capacity as initially planned and will maintain economic expansion opportunities in the future. SNG will own assets providing 140 MMcf per day of capacity, and the agreement provides for a future compression expansion that will increase the jointly owned capacity up to 500 MMcf per day, subject to FERC approval.

 

An application to construct, own and operate the pipeline was filed with the FERC in December 2006. In September 2007, the FERC issued the certificate authorizing the construction of the pipeline. This FERC approval does not include the expansion capacity that would take SNG to 500 MMcf per day. SESH began construction in November 2007. SESH expects to complete construction of the pipeline as approved by the FERC in the second half of 2008. SESH’s net costs after SNG’s contribution are estimated to have increased to approximately $1 billion.

 

CERTAIN FACTORS AFFECTING FUTURE EARNINGS

 

Our past earnings and results of operations are not necessarily indicative of our future earnings and results of operations. The magnitude of our future earnings and results of our operations will depend on or be affected by numerous factors including:

 

 

 

CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 

All dollar amounts in the tables that follow are in millions, except for per share amounts.

 

 

2007 Compared to 2006

 

Income from Continuing Operations.  We reported income from continuing operations before extraordinary item of $399 million ($1.17 per diluted share) for 2007 as compared to $432 million ($1.33 per diluted share) for the same period in 2006. As discussed below, the decrease in income from continuing operations of $33 million was primarily due to a $33 million increase in interest expense, excluding transition bond-related interest expense, due to higher borrowing levels; a $133 million increase in income tax expense primarily as a result of the favorable tax settlement reached with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in 2006 related to our Zero Premium Exchangeable Subordinated Notes (ZENS) and Automatic Common Exchange Securities (ACES) and an $8 million decrease in operating income from our Electric Transmission & Distribution utility.

These decreases in income from continuing operations were partially offset by a $94 million increase in operating income from our Natural Gas Distribution business segment, a $56 million increase in operating income from our Interstate Pipelines business segment and a $10 million increase in operating income from our Field Services business segment. Segment changes are discussed in detail below.

 

Income Tax Expense.  In 2007, our effective tax rate of 32.8% was lower than the expected statutory tax rate as a result of the revised Texas Franchise Tax Law (Texas Margin Tax) and a Texas state tax examination for tax years 2002 through 2004. Our 2007 effective tax rate differed from the 2006 effective tax rate of 12.6% primarily due to the favorable tax settlement reached with the IRS in 2006 as discussed above.

 

2006 Compared to 2005

 

Income from Continuing Operations.  We reported income from continuing operations before extraordinary item of $432 million ($1.33 per diluted share) for 2006 as compared to $225 million ($0.67 per diluted share) for the same period in 2005. As discussed below, the increase in income from continuing operations of $207 million was primarily due to a $200 million decrease in interest expense, excluding transition bond-related interest expense, due to lower borrowing costs and borrowing levels; a $91 million decrease in income tax expense primarily related to the tax settlement associated with ZENS and ACES; a $19 million increase in operating income from our Field Services business segment; a $17 million increase in operating income from our Competitive Natural Gas Sales and Services business segment; and a $16 million increase in operating income from our Interstate Pipelines business segment.

 

These increases in income from continuing operations were partially offset by a $121 million decrease in other income related to a reduction in the return on the true-up balance of our Electric Transmission & Distribution business segment recorded in 2005 and a $51 million decrease in operating income from our Natural Gas Distribution business segment. Segment changes are discussed in detail below.

 

Net income for 2005 included an after-tax extraordinary gain of $30 million ($0.09 per diluted share) reflecting an adjustment to the extraordinary loss recorded in 2004 to write down generation-related regulatory assets as a result of the final orders issued by the Texas Utility Commission.

 

Income Tax Expense.  The effective tax rate in 2006 was reduced to 12.6% primarily as a result of an agreement with the IRS related to the ZENS and ACES which reduced accrued tax and related interest reserves by approximately $107 million. The net reduction in the reserves related to ZENS and ACES in 2006 was $92 million. In addition, we reached tentative settlements with the IRS on a number of other tax matters which allowed us to reduce our total tax and related interest reserve for other tax items from $60 million at December 31, 2005 to $34 million at December 31, 2006.

 

Interest Expense and Other Finance Charges

 

Total interest expense incurred was $711 million, $600 million and $626 million in 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively. During the fourth quarter of 2005, CenterPoint Houston retired at maturity its $1.341 billion term loan, which bore interest at LIBOR plus 975 basis points, subject to a minimum LIBOR rate of 3%. Borrowings under a CenterPoint Houston credit facility, which bore interest at LIBOR plus 75 basis points, were used for the payment of the term loan and then repaid with a portion of the proceeds of the December 2005 issuance of transition bonds.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS BY BUSINESS SEGMENT

 

The following table presents operating income (in millions) for each of our business segments for 2005, 2006 and 2007. Included in revenues are intersegment sales. We account for intersegment sales as if the sales were to third parties, that is, at current market prices.

 

Operating Income (Loss) by Business Segment

 

 

Electric Transmission & Distribution

 

The following tables provide summary data of our Electric Transmission & Distribution business segment, CenterPoint Houston, for 2005, 2006 and 2007 (in millions, except throughput and customer data):

 

 

 

 

2007 Compared to 2006.  Our Electric Transmission & Distribution business segment reported operating income of $561 million for 2007, consisting of $400 million from our regulated electric transmission and distribution utility operations (TDU), $42 million from the CTC, and $119 million related to transition bond companies. For 2006, operating income totaled $576 million, consisting of $395 million from the TDU, $55 million from the CTC, and $126 million related to transition bond companies. Revenues increased due to growth ($22 million), with over 53,000 metered customers added since December 2006, higher transmission-related revenues ($22 million), increased miscellaneous service charges ($15 million), increased demand ($7 million), interest on settlement of the final fuel reconciliation ($4 million) and a one-time charge in the second quarter of 2006 related to the resolution of the unbundled cost of service order ($32 million). These increases were partially offset by the rate reduction resulting from the 2006 rate case settlement that was implemented in October 2006 ($41 million) and lower CTC return resulting from the reduction in the allowed interest rate on the unrecovered CTC balance from 11.07% to 8.06% in 2006 ($13 million). Operation and maintenance expense increased primarily due to higher transmission costs ($25 million), the absence of a gain on the sale of property in 2006 ($13 million), and increased expenses primarily related to low income and energy efficiency programs as required by the 2006 rate case settlement ($8 million), partially offset by settlement of the final fuel reconciliation ($13 million).

 

2006 Compared to 2005.  Our Electric Transmission & Distribution business segment reported operating income of $576 million for 2006, consisting of $395 million from the TDU, $55 million from the CTC and $126 million related to the transition bond companies. For 2005, operating income totaled $487 million, consisting of $429 million for the TDU, $19 million from the CTC, and $39 million related to the transition bond companies. Increases in operating income from growth ($34 million), a higher CTC amount collected in 2006 ($36 million), revenues from ancillary services ($11 million) and proceeds from land sales ($13 million) were partially offset by milder weather and reduced demand ($49 million), and the implementation of reduced base rates ($13 million) and spending on low income assistance and energy efficiency programs ($5 million) resulting from the Settlement Agreement described in “Business — Our Business — Regulation — State and Local Regulation — Electric Transmission & Distribution — CenterPoint Houston Rate Agreement.” In addition, the TDU’s operating income for 2006 included the $32 million adverse impact of the resolution of the remand of the 2001 UCOS order.

 

In September 2005, CenterPoint Houston’s service area in Texas was adversely affected by Hurricane Rita. Although damage to CenterPoint Houston’s electric facilities was limited, over 700,000 customers lost power at the height of the storm. Power was restored to over a half million customers within 36 hours and all power was restored in less than five days. The Electric Transmission & Distribution business segment’s revenues lost as a result of the storm were more than offset by warmer than normal weather during the third quarter of 2005. CenterPoint Houston deferred $28 million of restoration costs which are being amortized over a seven-year period that began in October 2006.

Natural Gas Distribution

 

The following table provides summary data of our Natural Gas Distribution business segment for 2005, 2006 and 2007 (in millions, except throughput and customer data):

 

 

2007 Compared to 2006.  Our Natural Gas Distribution business segment reported operating income of $218 million for 2007 as compared to $124 million for 2006. Operating income improved as a result of increased usage primarily due to a return to more normal weather in 2007 compared to the unusually mild weather in 2006 ($33 million), growth from the addition of over 38,000 customers in 2007 ($9 million), the effect of the 2006 purchased gas cost write-off described below ($21 million), the effect of rate changes ($7 million) and reduced operation and maintenance expenses ($15 million). Operation and maintenance expenses declined primarily as a result of costs associated with staff reductions incurred in 2006 ($17 million) and settlement of certain rate case-related items ($9 million), partially offset by increases in bad debts and collection costs ($8 million) and other services ($5 million).

 

2006 Compared to 2005.  Our Natural Gas Distribution business segment reported operating income of $124 million for 2006 as compared to $175 million for 2005. Decreases in operating margins (revenues less natural gas costs) include a $21 million write-off in 2006 of purchased gas costs for periods prior to July 2004, the recovery of which was denied by the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission, and the impact of milder weather and decreased usage ($30 million). These decreases were partially offset by higher margins from rate and service charge increases and rate design changes ($35 million), along with the addition of over 42,000 customers in 2006 ($9 million). Operation and maintenance expenses increased primarily as a result of costs associated with staff reductions ($17 million), benefit costs increases ($6 million), higher costs of goods and services ($8 million) and higher bad debt expenses ($10 million), partially offset by higher litigation reserves recorded in 2005 ($11 million).

 

During the third quarter of 2005, our east Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi natural gas service areas were affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Damage to our facilities was limited, but approximately 10,000 homes and businesses were damaged to such an extent that they were not able to, and in some cases continue to be unable to, take service. The impact on the Natural Gas Distribution business segment’s operating income was not material.

Competitive Natural Gas Sales and Services

 

The following table provides summary data of our Competitive Natural Gas Sales and Services business segment for 2005, 2006 and 2007 (in millions, except throughput and customer data):

 

 

2007 Compared to 2006.  Our Competitive Natural Gas Sales and Services business segment reported operating income of $75 million for 2007 compared to $77 million for 2006. The decrease in operating income of $2 million was primarily due to reduced opportunities for optimization of pipeline and storage assets resulting from lower locational and seasonal natural gas price differentials in the wholesale business ($10 million) offset by an increase in sales to commercial and industrial customers in the retail business ($3 million). In addition, 2007 included a charge to income from mark-to-market accounting for non-trading derivatives ($10 million) and a write-down of natural gas inventory to the lower of average cost or market ($11 million), compared to a gain from mark-to-market accounting ($37 million) and an inventory write-down ($66 million) for 2006.

 

2006 Compared to 2005.  Our Competitive Natural Gas Sales and Services business segment reported operating income of $77 million for 2006 as compared to $60 million for 2005. The increase in operating income of $17 million was primarily driven by improved operating margins (revenues less natural gas costs) resulting from seasonal price differentials and favorable basis differentials over the pipeline capacity that we control ($44 million) and a favorable change in unrealized gains resulting from mark-to-market accounting ($37 million), partially offset by write-downs of natural gas inventory to the lower of average cost or market ($66 million).

Interstate Pipelines

 

The following table provides summary data of our Interstate Pipelines business segment for 2005, 2006 and 2007 (in millions, except throughput data):

 

 

2007 Compared to 2006.  Our Interstate Pipeline business segment reported operating income of $237 million for 2007 compared to $181 million for 2006. The increase in operating income of $56 million was driven primarily by the new Carthage to Perryville pipeline ($42 million), other transportation and ancillary services ($20 million), lower spending in 2007 on project development costs ($6 million) and a decrease in other taxes ($8 million) related to the settlement of certain state tax issues. These favorable variances to operating income were partially offset by lower sales in 2007 of excess gas associated with storage enhancement projects ($15 million) and increased operating expenses ($6 million).

 

2006 Compared to 2005.  Our Interstate Pipelines business segment reported operating income of $181 million for 2006 as compared to $165 million for 2005. Operating margins (natural gas sales less gas cost) increased by $18 million. This increase was driven primarily by increased demand for transportation services and ancillary services ($15 million). Operation and maintenance expenses decreased by $1 million primarily due to the gain on sale of excess gas during 2006 ($18 million) combined with lower litigation reserves ($6 million) in 2006 compared to 2005. These favorable variances were partially offset by a write-off of project development expenses associated with the Mid-Continent Crossing pipeline project which was discontinued in 2006 ($11 million) as well as increased operating expenses ($11 million) largely associated with staffing increases and costs associated with continued compliance with pipeline integrity regulations.

Field Services

 

The following table provides summary data of our Field Services business segment for 2005, 2006 and 2007 (in millions, except throughput data):

 

 

2007 Compared to 2006.  Our Field Services business segment reported operating income of $99 million for 2007 compared to $89 million for 2006. Continued increased demand for gas gathering and ancillary services ($27 million) was partially offset by lower commodity prices ($10 million) and increased operation and maintenance expenses related to cost increases and expanded operations ($7 million).

 

2006 Compared to 2005.  Our Field Services business segment reported operating income of $89 million for 2006 as compared to $70 million for 2005. The increase of $19 million was driven by increased gas gathering and ancillary services, which reflects contributions from new facilities placed in service ($27 million) and higher commodity prices ($3 million), partially offset by higher operation and maintenance expenses ($10 million).

 

In addition, this business segment recorded equity income of $6 million, $6 million and $10 million for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively, from its 50% interest in the Waskom Joint Venture. These amounts are included in Other — net under the Other Income (Expense) caption.

 

Other Operations

 

The following table provides summary data for our Other Operations business segment for 2005, 2006 and 2007 (in millions):

 

 

2007 Compared to 2006.  Our Other Operations business segment’s operating loss in 2007 compared to 2006 increased by $3 million.

 

2006 Compared to 2005.  Our Other Operations business segment’s operating loss in 2006 compared to 2005 decreased $16 million primarily due to increased rental revenues ($2 million), decreased insurance costs ($4 million), and decreased state franchise taxes ($8 million).

 

Discontinued Operations

 

In December 2004, Texas Genco completed the sale of its fossil generation assets (coal, lignite and gas-fired plants) to Texas Genco LLC for $2.813 billion in cash. Following the sale, Texas Genco, whose principal remaining

asset was its ownership interest in a nuclear generating facility, distributed $2.231 billion in cash to us. The final step of the transaction, the merger of Texas Genco with a subsidiary of Texas Genco LLC in exchange for an additional cash payment to us of $700 million, was completed in April 2005. We recorded an after-tax loss of $3 million for the year ended December 31, 2005 related to the operations of Texas Genco.

 

The consolidated financial statements report the businesses described above as discontinued operations for all periods presented in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 144, “Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets” (SFAS No. 144).

 

For further information regarding discontinued operations, please read Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements.

 

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

 

Historical Cash Flow

 

The net cash provided by (used in) operating, investing and financing activities for 2005, 2006 and 2007 is as follows (in millions):

 

 

Cash Provided by Operating Activities

 

Net cash provided by operating activities in 2007 decreased $217 million compared to 2006 primarily due to the timing of fuel recovery ($204 million), increased tax payments ($10 million), increased interest payments ($40 million), increased gas storage inventory ($36 million) and decreased net accounts receivable/payable ($178 million). These decreases were partially offset by decreased reductions in customer margin deposit requirements ($76 million) and decreases in our margin deposit requirements ($145 million).

 

Net cash provided by operating activities in 2006 increased $928 million compared to 2005 primarily due to decreased tax payments of $156 million, the majority of which related to the tax payment in the first quarter of 2005 associated with the sale of our former electric generation business (Texas Genco); increased fuel over-recovery ($240 million) primarily related to declining gas prices during 2006; decreases in net regulatory assets ($271 million), primarily due to the termination of excess mitigation credits effective April 2005 and recovery of regulatory assets through rates; increased net accounts receivable/payable ($128 million) primarily due to decreased gas prices as compared to 2005 partially offset by funding under CERC’s receivables facility being accounted for as short-term borrowings instead of sales of receivables beginning in October 2006 and decreased cash used in the operations of Texas Genco ($38 million). Additionally, customer margin deposit requirements decreased ($155 million) primarily due to the decline in natural gas prices from December 2005 and our margin deposits increased ($52 million).

 

Cash Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities

 

Net cash used in investing activities increased $244 million in 2007 as compared to 2006 due to increased capital expenditures of $107 million primarily related to pipeline projects for our Interstate Pipelines business segment, increased notes receivable from unconsolidated affiliates of $148 million and increased investment in unconsolidated affiliates of $26 million, primarily related to the SESH pipeline project.

 

Net cash used in investing activities increased $1.1 billion in 2006 as compared to 2005 primarily due to increased capital expenditures of $314 million primarily related to our Electric Transmission & Distribution, Interstate Pipelines, and Field Services business segments, increased restricted cash of transition bond companies of $36 million primarily related to the $1.85 billion of transition bonds issued in December 2005 and the absence of

$700 million in proceeds received in the second quarter of 2005 from the sale of our remaining interest in Texas Genco and cash of Texas Genco of $24 million.

 

Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities

 

Net cash provided by financing activities in 2007 increased $410 million compared to 2006 primarily due to increased borrowings under revolving credit facilities ($334 million) and increased proceeds from long-term debt ($576 million), which were partially offset by increased repayments of long-term debt ($319 million), increased dividend payments ($31 million) and decreased short-term borrowings ($142 million).

 

Net cash provided by financing activities in 2006 increased $289 million compared to 2005 primarily due to net proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt of $324 million, decreased repayments of borrowings under our revolving credit facility ($236 million) and funding under CERC’s receivables facility being accounted for as short-term borrowings ($187 million) in 2006, partially offset by the absence of borrowings under Texas Genco’s revolving credit facility ($75 million) due to the sale of Texas Genco, payments of long-term debt ($229 million) and increased dividend payments of $63 million.

 

Future Sources and Uses of Cash

 

Our liquidity and capital requirements are affected primarily by our results of operations, capital expenditures, debt service requirements, tax payments, working capital needs, various regulatory actions and appeals relating to such regulatory actions. Our principal cash requirements for 2008 include the following:

 

 

We expect that borrowings under our credit facilities, the proceeds from the issuance of $488 million of transition bonds in February 2008 (discussed below) and anticipated cash flows from operations will be sufficient to meet our cash needs in 2008. Cash needs or discretionary financing or refinancing may also result in the issuance of equity or debt securities in the capital markets.

 

The following table sets forth our capital expenditures for 2007 and estimates of our capital requirements for 2008 through 2012 (in millions):